THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATEwatarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Lectures/emoco... · THE...
Transcript of THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATEwatarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Lectures/emoco... · THE...
![Page 1: THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATEwatarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Lectures/emoco... · THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Paul Thagard University of Waterloo. 2](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042115/5e925619af13613ab24e4015/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE
ISLAMIC STATEPaul Thagard
University of Waterloo
![Page 2: THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATEwatarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Lectures/emoco... · THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Paul Thagard University of Waterloo. 2](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042115/5e925619af13613ab24e4015/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Coherence: From Hegel to Cognitive Science
Hegel: the truth is the whole.
British idealists, e.g. Bosanquet.
Explanatory coherence: Sellars, Harman.
1989 BBS.
2000 Coherence book.
![Page 3: THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATEwatarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Lectures/emoco... · THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Paul Thagard University of Waterloo. 2](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042115/5e925619af13613ab24e4015/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Outline1. Decisions
2. Ideology
3. Value maps
4. Emotional coherence
5. Emotions
6. Ideological change
![Page 4: THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATEwatarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Lectures/emoco... · THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Paul Thagard University of Waterloo. 2](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042115/5e925619af13613ab24e4015/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Individual Decisions
![Page 5: THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATEwatarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Lectures/emoco... · THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Paul Thagard University of Waterloo. 2](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042115/5e925619af13613ab24e4015/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Models of Decision Making1. Rational choice by maximizing expected
utility based on preferences.
2. Fast and frugal heuristics.
3. Inference to the best plan based on emotional coherence, tied to values. Thagard (2006), Hot Thought, MIT Press.
5
![Page 6: THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATEwatarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Lectures/emoco... · THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Paul Thagard University of Waterloo. 2](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042115/5e925619af13613ab24e4015/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Ideology1. Obama 2015: “Ideologies are not defeated
with guns, they're defeated by better ideas.”
2. Ideologies are systems of concepts, beliefs, and values.
3. Values are bindings of emotions and concepts or beliefs.
4. Decisions, including ideological ones, are inferences based on emotional coherence.
6
![Page 7: THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATEwatarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Lectures/emoco... · THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Paul Thagard University of Waterloo. 2](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042115/5e925619af13613ab24e4015/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Values in Decision MakingWhy have tens of thousands of foreigners joined the
Islamic State?
Values: Islam, Sunni, Sharia law, etc.
What are values?1. Preferences?2. Abstract ideas?3. Subjective opinions?4. Values are mental processes that combine
cognitions and emotions in the brain.
Values are not isolated, but occur in systems.7
![Page 8: THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATEwatarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Lectures/emoco... · THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Paul Thagard University of Waterloo. 2](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042115/5e925619af13613ab24e4015/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Cognitive-Affective MapsNew kind of concept map that represents
values and emotions.
Nodes represent concepts and objects. Positive: green ovalsNegative: red hexagonsNeutral: yellow rectangles
Lines represent mutual support (solid) or incompatibility (dotted).
8
![Page 9: THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATEwatarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Lectures/emoco... · THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Paul Thagard University of Waterloo. 2](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042115/5e925619af13613ab24e4015/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Cognitive-Affective Maps
!"#$%&'"(")"*"!%
+,-&%&'"(")"*"!%
-%.,!#)/(+,-&%&'"(")"*"!%
!"0%.$)(")"*"!%
*0%0$)(-0++,.%
&!1,*+$%&2&)&%/
9
![Page 10: THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATEwatarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Lectures/emoco... · THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Paul Thagard University of Waterloo. 2](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042115/5e925619af13613ab24e4015/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Value Map: Islamic State
10
![Page 11: THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATEwatarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Lectures/emoco... · THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Paul Thagard University of Waterloo. 2](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042115/5e925619af13613ab24e4015/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
EMOTIONAL COHERENCEInference (e.g. going to fight)is not based on
argument, but on parallel processing of coherence (Thagard 2000, 2006).
Coherence can be modeled computationally using units that stand for mental representations (e.g. beliefs, concepts) that have excitatory and inhibitory connections.
In emotional coherence, representations have both an acceptability and an emotional valence.
11
![Page 12: THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATEwatarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Lectures/emoco... · THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Paul Thagard University of Waterloo. 2](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042115/5e925619af13613ab24e4015/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Fight Decisions
12
stay home fight with IS
safe family excitingfull Islam
glory
![Page 13: THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATEwatarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Lectures/emoco... · THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Paul Thagard University of Waterloo. 2](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042115/5e925619af13613ab24e4015/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
EMOTIONAL COHERENCEDecisions and other inferences result from an “emotional Gestalt”, in which people figure out what fits best with their beliefs and their goals.
People adopt a plan because it “makes sense”, cognitively and emotionally, i.e. because it is emotionally coherent.
HOTCO (for hot coherence) provides a mathematical/computational model of how emotional coherence produces inferences.
Problems: What are emotions? How does the brain compute emotional coherence? 13
![Page 14: THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATEwatarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Lectures/emoco... · THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Paul Thagard University of Waterloo. 2](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042115/5e925619af13613ab24e4015/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The New SynthesisThesis (1950s): Intelligence results from the
processing of physical symbols (Herbert Simon, traditional AI, ACT).
Antithesis (1980s): Intelligence results from sub-symbolic processes in neural networks, operating with distributed representations.
Synthesis: Neural networks are capable of symbolic processes, using semantic pointers.
Chris Eliasmith: How to Build a Brain, Oxford U. Press, 2013. Eliasmith et al. (2012), Science.
14
![Page 15: THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATEwatarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Lectures/emoco... · THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Paul Thagard University of Waterloo. 2](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042115/5e925619af13613ab24e4015/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Semantic Pointers (Eliasmith 2013)
Semantic pointers are patterns of neural firing that:
1. provide shallow meaning through symbol-like relations to the world and other representations;
2. expand to provide deeper meaning with relations to perceptual, motor, and emotional information;
3. support complex syntactic operations; 4. help to control the flow of information
through a cognitive system to accomplish its goals. 15
![Page 16: THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATEwatarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Lectures/emoco... · THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Paul Thagard University of Waterloo. 2](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042115/5e925619af13613ab24e4015/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
semantic pointer
sensory motor emotional verbal
bind bindbind
FORMATION
16
![Page 17: THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATEwatarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Lectures/emoco... · THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Paul Thagard University of Waterloo. 2](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042115/5e925619af13613ab24e4015/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
sensory motor emotional verbal
semantic pointerinfer
unpack unpack unpack
FUNCTION
17
![Page 18: THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATEwatarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Lectures/emoco... · THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Paul Thagard University of Waterloo. 2](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042115/5e925619af13613ab24e4015/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Emotions are Semantic Pointers
Emotion = bind (representation, cognitive appraisal, physiological perception)
Example: being happy to be in Reno = bind (Reno, appraisal, physiology)
Concepts, beliefs, appraisal, and physiology are all patterns of neural firing.
Binding is by convolution as performed in the Semantic Pointer Architecture.
Thagard and Schröder, Emotions as Semantic Pointers, 2014. 18
![Page 19: THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATEwatarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Lectures/emoco... · THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Paul Thagard University of Waterloo. 2](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042115/5e925619af13613ab24e4015/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Values are Semantic Pointers
Value = bind (concept or belief, cognitive appraisal, physiological perception)
Example: valuing Islam= bind (Islam, appraisal, physiology)
Result: an ideology is appealing as the basis for personal decisions if its values fit with your own values and needs.
19
![Page 20: THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATEwatarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Lectures/emoco... · THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Paul Thagard University of Waterloo. 2](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042115/5e925619af13613ab24e4015/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Islamsemantic pointer
situation: self, Islam
motor:fight
physiology: high heart rate,
smile, etc.
appraisal:goals forreligion,
adventure
bind bindbind
![Page 21: THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATEwatarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Lectures/emoco... · THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Paul Thagard University of Waterloo. 2](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042115/5e925619af13613ab24e4015/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Battling IdeologiesForce rarely works, e.g. Vietnam.
Piecemeal criticism rarely works, e.g. questioning Sharia law.
Replacing an ideology requires an alternative ideology that provides a better fit with values, needs, and beliefs: emotional coherence.1. Propose an alternative.2. Show that it is superior.
21
![Page 22: THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATEwatarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Lectures/emoco... · THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Paul Thagard University of Waterloo. 2](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042115/5e925619af13613ab24e4015/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Social Cognitive-Emotional Workup of IS
Concepts and values: Islam, Sharia law
Images: flag, gestures, songs
Beliefs: only one God – Allah, Koran is true
Rules, e.g. if you are a devout Muslim, then you go to heaven
Analogies: Islamic state is like the ancient caliphate
Emotions: pride, hope, enthusiasm, anger, fear, resentment
Inferences: coherence, motivated, fear-driven 22
![Page 23: THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATEwatarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Lectures/emoco... · THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Paul Thagard University of Waterloo. 2](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042115/5e925619af13613ab24e4015/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Emotional CommunicationMirror neuronsEmotional contagion via
mimicryNonverbal spreadVerbal spreadAttachment-based
learningEmpathy and emotional
analogy
Altruism and sympathyEmotional cuing, e.g.
anger -> guiltPower: provide
something desired, or threaten something feared
Propaganda, advertisingTeachingInteraction rituals
23
![Page 24: THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATEwatarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Lectures/emoco... · THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Paul Thagard University of Waterloo. 2](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042115/5e925619af13613ab24e4015/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Conclusions
1. Ideologies are value systems, where values are emotional.
2. Ideologies govern actions by emotional coherence.
3. Emotions and values are semantic pointers.
4. Ideological change is a battle of systems of values and beliefs.
24
![Page 25: THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATEwatarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Lectures/emoco... · THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Paul Thagard University of Waterloo. 2](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042115/5e925619af13613ab24e4015/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
![Page 26: THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATEwatarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Lectures/emoco... · THE EMOTIONAL COHERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Paul Thagard University of Waterloo. 2](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042115/5e925619af13613ab24e4015/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
sensory motor emotional verbal
COMPETITIONsemantic pointers
recurrent connections
bindings bindings bindings
26