The Elementary Geography - Kopykitab

The Elementary Geography

Class 5

The Elementary Geography

Dr. Ranjana GuptaM.A., B.Ed., Ph.D. (C.U.)

Based on the Syllabus Prepared by

INTER-STATE BOARD FOR ANGLO-INDIAN EDUCATION, NEW DELHI

Class 5

©All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or copied in any material form (including photocopying or storing it in any medium

in form of graphics, electronic or mechanical means and whether or not transient or incidental to some other use of this publication) without written

permission of the copyright owner. Any breach of this will entail legal action and prosecution without further notice.

Jurisdiction : All disputes with respect to this publication shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Courts, Tribunals and Forums of New Delhi, India only.

Dr. Ranjana Gupta

First Edition 2011

Revised Edition 2015

Reprint 2014

ISBN: 978-81-219-3549-4 Code: 1012 048

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S. CHAND SCHOOL BOOKS

PrefaceThe Elementary Geography series comprising the set of three booksof Geography for class III, IV and V covers all fundamentals ofGeography essential for students in understanding the subject, and isbased on the latest syllabus prescribed by the Inter-State Board forAnglo-Indian Education, New Delhi, for ICSE schools.

The salient features of the books in this series are as follows :-

Brief subject matter are in simple language.

A judicious use of tables, charts and illustrations to make thesubject matter easy and clear.

Colourful photographs that attract the interest of the student.

Meaningful exercises and activity based project work.

Emphasis has been laid on developing concepts and thinkingskills like syllabus, inference, comparison and empathy inaccordance with the guide lines of the new syllabus.

Latest Geography maps and other illustrations that have becomeavailable as a result of satellite imaginary and internet revolutionhave been provided for learning Geography.

I hope that the students and the teachers will find these textbooksuseful in every way. I thank the publishers for bringing out the seriesin a short time.

Constructive suggestions for further improvement of the books willbe acknowledged.

Dr. Ranjana Guptae-mail: [email protected]

Disclaimer : While the author of this book has made every effort to avoid any mistake or omission and has used his/her skill, expertise and knowledge to thebest of their capacity to provide accurate and updated information. The author and S. Chand do not give any representation or warranty with respect to theaccuracy or completeness of the contents of this publication and are selling this publication on the condition and understanding that they shall not be made liablein any manner whatsoever. S.Chand and the author expressly disclaim all and any liability/responsibility to any person, whether a purchaser or reader of thispublication or not, in respect of anything and everything forming part of the contents of this publication. S. Chand shall not be responsible for any errors,omissions or damages arising out of the use of the information contained in this publication.Further, the appearance of the personal name, location, place and incidence, if any; in the illustrations used herein is purely coincidental and work of imagination.Thus the same should in no manner be termed as defamatory to any individual.

CHAPTER 1 : Globe, Maps and Atlas 1–9

CHAPTER 2 : Our World : Continents and Oceans 10–20

CHAPTER 3 : Latitude and Longitude 21–25

CHAPTER 4 : Movements of the Earth 26–32

CHAPTER 5 : Climate and Climatic Zones 33–35

CHAPTER 6 : Equatorial Regions 36–39

CHAPTER 7 : Hot Deserts 40–45

CHAPTER 8 : Temperate Grasslands 46–49

CHAPTER 9 : Polar Regions 50–54

CHAPTER 10 : India : Location, Boundaries and States 55–58

CHAPTER 11 : India’s Neighbouring Countries 59–71

ContentsC o n t e n t s

The Elementary Geography–5 1

Globe, Maps andAtlas

Astronauts have said that it is wonderful to see ourearth from space. From there it looks like a blue colourball hanging in the sky. We can also see the true shape ofthe earth without going to space through globe. A globeis thus, a miniature and a true model of the earth. Itgives us an idea about the looks of our earth. We can seethe distribution of land and water on the earth’s surface,and can identify the location of different countries andoceans on the globe. It also helps us to understand therotational movement of earth and its effects, as we canturn a globe on its axis. However, globe are not bigenough to show us minute details of the earth like thelocation of our city, and also difficult to carry from oneplace to other.

Fig. 1.1. Globe

Map 1.1. World Map (Mountain Peaks)(This map is for representation only)

The Elementary Geography–52

Because of these problems, we need a map. A map is a two-dimensionalrepresentation of the earth’s surface drawn on a flat base. It helps us to study theearth in great details, as it can represent all, or a part of, the earth’s surface inminiature.

BASIC FEATURES OF A MAP

All maps have certain common features that help the reader to understand themap. Let us see what they are:

Title of the Map: As every lesson of your book has a title similarly every maphas a title that describes the type of information given in the map.

Scale : A scale tells us the ratio between the distance on the map and the realdistance on the ground. As it is not possible to show the actual distance, so theyare reduced. It is mostly represented by a small ruler like symbol in Kilometersor miles at the bottom of a map.

Fig. 1.2. Linear Scale

Direction : To identify the north, south, east and west directions on a map, wetake the help of north line. It is a linewith an arrow and the letter N(denoting north) above it, usually at theupper right hand corner of a map.

Colour and Symbols : Maps usedifferent colour to show differentphysical features, for example,mountains in brown, plains in greenand water bodies in blue. Beside this,Maps use various signs and symbols togive various Informations. These arecalled conventional signs and symbols,which are internationally recognized.Usually a key or an Index is given in

Kilometre

30 20 10 0 30 60 90

Kilometre

Primarydivisions

Secondarydivisions

R.F. 1 : 10, 00, 000

360°

180°

90°270°

225°

315° 45°

135°

NNWN

N W

WN W

W

WSW

SW

SSWS

SSE

SE

ESE

E

ENE

NE

NNE

Fig. 1.3. Directions


Boundaries :International

State

District

Roads :Metalled

Unmetalled

Cart track

FootpathRailways :

Broad gauge

Metre gauge

River or stream

Canal

Well

Tree

Settlement

Capital city

Post office

Telegraph office

Police Station

Forest

PO

TO

PS

Bridge

Grass

Temple

Mosque

Church

Graveyard

Dak Bunglow DB

Height:

Benchmark BM 200

Triangulated

Tank

Village

Fig. 1.4. Conventional Symbols

Fort

Swampy ground

Spring

Huts

one side of the map that explains the meaning of the given symbols and colour.(Fig: 1.4)

TYPES OF MAPS

Maps are mainly of three types – Political Maps, Physical Maps, and ThematicMaps.

Political Maps: These maps show the country, their capitals, cities, towns etc.

Physical Maps: Maps shows various physical features and landforms likemountains, plains, plateaus water bodies etc.

Thematic Maps: Maps which have particular information like road map, Naturalvegetation map, soil map, population map etc. are known as Thematic maps.

HOW USEFUL THE MAPS ARE?

Maps are useful in many ways, some of them are –

It tells us the exact location, shape and direction of the continents, countries,towns, water bodies and so on.

We can get great details of information regarding the physical features, transportnetwork, height of the land, and distribution of rainfall etc. of a particular region.

Dam CampinggroundBattlefield Oil well


Map 1.2. Political Map of India

5

24°

20°

16°

4

3

36°

32°

28°

2

8

12°

8°

6

7

9

E 84° F 92°88° HGC 80°76° D

20°

16°

6

7

8

9

72°B

5

2

3

4

32°

36°

24°

28°

12°

8°

11 92° 96°H IG80° 88°84°E F76° D68° 72°A B C

A R A B I A N

S E A

I N D I A N O C E A N

BAY OF

BENGAL

New Moore I.(India)

I N D I A

La

ks

ha

dw

ee

p( I n

di a

)

An

da

ma

na

nd

Ni

co

ba

rI

sl

an

ds

(I

nd

ia

)

Narcondam I. (India)

Barren I. (India)

N

E

P

AL

B H U T A N

PA

KI

ST

AN

C H I N A

T I B E T

MYANMAR

BANGLADESH

Coco Is. (Myanmar)

Diu(Daman & Diu)

Nine Degree Channel

Eight Degree Channel

82½°

23½°In

dia

nS

tandard

Meridia

nTropic of Cancer

Mahe(Puduchcheri)

Yanam(Puduchcheri)

SRI

LANKA

Digboi

Dibrugarh

Haldia

Asansol

GorakhpurPurnia

Visakhapatnam

Ambikapur

Sambalpur

Varanasi

Vijayawada

Ramanathapuram

PuduchcheriSalem

Kurnool

Kanniyakumari

Madurai

Chitradurga

Solapur

Kochi

Mysore(Mysuru)

Pune

Kozhikode

Kolhapur

Allahabad

Rewa

Jabalpur

Meerut

Muradabad

Bareilly

Badrinath

Gwalior

Jhansi

Nagpur

Agra

Mathura

Kanpur

Jammu

Leh

Faridabad

ManaliPathankot

Gilgit

Nasik

Indore

Udaipur

Bikaner

Ajmer

Amritsar

Ferozepur

Gulmarg

Barmer

Jodhpur

Palanpur

Veraval

Rajkot

Kandla

Jaisalmer

Porbandar

Guntur

Ongole

Amravati

Nizamabad

Nellore

Mangalore

Bijapur

Belgaum

DhuleAkola

Satara

Nainital

Jalandhar

Coimbatore

Koraput

Ahmedabad

Vadodara

Okha

Jamshedpur

Kota

Karaikal (Puduchcheri)

Lahore

Ganganagar

Hyderabad

Patan

KATMANDU

Colombo

Salyan

Lhasa

THIMPHU

DHAKA

ChittagongBilaspur

Tuticorin

Ten Degree Channel

Bassein

Minicoy Is.

Ludhiana

Haridwar

Puri

Imphal

Kohima

Aizawl

Itanagar

Shillong

Dispur

Agartala

Kolkata

Gangtok

Ranchi

Bhubaneshwar

Lucknow

Patna

Raipur

Bhopal

Hyderabad

Dehradun

Shimla

Bengaluru

Kavaratti

Chennai

Port Blair

Srinagar

Jaipur

Chandigarh

Panaji

Thiruvananthapuram

Gandhinagar

Mumbai

Silvassa

DELHI

ISLAMABAD

ARUNACHAL

PRADESH

NA

GA

LAN

D

MA

NIP

URMEGHALAYA

MIZ

OR

AM

TR

IPU

RA

A S S A M

O D I S H A

SIKKIM

WEST

BENGAL

B I H AR

JHARKHAND

PRADESH

UTTAR PRADESH

UTTARAKHAND

MADHYA PRADESH

MAHARASHTRA

GUJARAT

CHH

ATTISG

ARH

DAMAN

TELANGANA

TAMIL NADUKE

RA

LA

KA

RN

AT

AK

A

GOA

RAJASTHAN

KASHMIR

JAMMU AND

HA

RYAN

A

PUNJAB

HIMACHAL

Dadra & Nagar Haveli

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Scale - 1cm = 154.45 kmsScale - 1cm = 154.45 kms

(Daman & Diu)

��

SRI JAYVARDENAPURA-KOTTE

ANDHRA PRADESH

(This map is for representation only)

INDIA

Political


Map 1.3. Physical Map of India

5

24°

20°

16°

4

3

36°

32°

28°

2

8

12°

8°

6

7

9

E 84° F 92°88° HGC 80°76° D

20°

16°

6

7

8

9

72°B

5

2

3

4

32°

36°

24°

28°

12°

8°

11 92° 96°H IG80° 88°84°E F76° D68° 72°A B C

REFERENCES

Above 3000

3000

1800 - 3000

1350 - 1800

900 - 1300

600 - 900

300 - 600

150 - 300

Sea Level - 150

Below Sea Level

Heights in meters

Logtak Lake

A r a b i a n

S e a

I N D I A N O C E A N

Bay of

Bengal

New Moore I.(India)

I N D I A

La

ks

ha

dw

ee

p( I n

di a

)

An

da

ma

na

nd

Ni

co

ba

rI

sl

an

ds

(I

nd

ia

)

Narcondam I. (India)

Coco Is. (Myanmar)

Barren I. (India)

N

E

P

A

LB H U T A N

PA

K

IS

TA

N

C H I N A

T I B E T

M Y A N M A R

B A N G L A D E S H

S R I

L A N K A

Indus

Jhelum

Wular Lake

Chenab

Ravi

Chambal

Luni

Sambhar Lake

Betwa

Ken

Son

Sindh

Satluj

Gandak

Ghaghara

Kosi

Yamuna

Ganga

Brahmaputra

Tista

Mahanadi

Narmada

R. Tapi

Mah

i

Godavari

Wainganga

Bhima

Hag

ari

Krishna

Tungabhadra

Kaveri

Gom

ti

Indus

L. Pulicat

Chilka Lake

Diu(Daman & Diu)

Rann of Kachchh

Avadh

Ka

k

ra

or

a

m

Hazaribagh Pla

ateu

Mouth of the Ganga

Kachchh Peninsula

Kathiawar Peninsula

Gulf of Kachchh

Satmala HillsGulf o

f Kha

mbh

a t

Palk

onda

R

aneg

Ma

al

ba

r

o

C

as

t

Dandakaranya

N

a

or

th

er

n

Ci

rc

rs

I

D

N

O

G

A

N

G

E

TI

CP L A I N

G

R

E

A

T

HI

M A L AY

A

G

R

E

A

T

HI

M A L AY

A

S

k

hi w

ia

l

D u a r s

l

As

sa

m

Va

l e y

MizoHills

LusaiHills

GaroHills

Khasi-JaintiaHills

NORTH ANDAMAN

MIDDLE ANDAMAN

SOUTH ANDAMAM

LITTLE ANDAMAN

Car Nicobar I.

Katchall I.

LITTLE NICOBAR

GREATNICOBAR

Indira Point

L a d a

kh

Ra

ng

e

Pir Panjal Ra

nge

Nangaparbat(8126)

Masherburm(7821)

k2(8611

Gasherbrum (8060)

Karakoram Pass

Shipki La

Karnet (7756)

Nanda Kot (6861)

Nanda Devi(7817)

Dhaulgiri (8172)

Gauri Shankar (7145)

GREAT

INDIA

NDESERT

(Tha

r Des

ert)

Rohilkhand Plain

Mt.

Evere

st(8

848)

Kanchenju

nga(8

598)

Nath

ulaPass

Bomdi l

aPass

Namcha Barwa

(7756)

Patkai Bom

Mikir Hills

NagaHills

Malayagiri (1187)Garhjat Hills

Aarva

liRan

ge

Malwa Plateau

Sa t

a

p

R

u r an g e

Vi n d

e

h y aR

an g

Ajanta Range

Bundelkhand

CHOTTA NAGPUR

Baghelkhand

Maik

ala

R

ang

e

Gir Range

RajharCreek

Harishchnad

Range

Bhor Ghat

Ko

nk

an

WE

ST

ER

NG

HA

T

Balagha

n

ta

R

ge

EA

S

R

T

E

N

G

H

A

T

Te

l an

ga

na

Pl a t e a u

DE

CC

A

N

Anaimudi (2695)Anaimalai hills

Palghat(Pala Kkad )

Ca

rda

mo

m

Hills

Shevaroy

Velikonda

Na

lla

ma

lai H

ills

Javadi Hills

PLATEAU

Mahadeo Hills

Doda Betta(2670m)

Mahabaleshwar1438 m

Kalsavbai1654 m

NilgiriHills Hills

Hills

Kanniya Kumari(Cape Comorin)

Mishm

iH

ills

L. Vembanad

Gulf ofMannar

AdamsBridge

PalkBay

Palk Strait

Co

r

a

om

an

dl

Co

as

t

Ten Degree Channel

Rajm

ah

alH

ills

P

L

A

IN

SO

F G A N GA

S

underban Delta

Scale - 1cm = 154.45 kmsScale - 1cm = 154.45 kms

East West Extent - 2933 km.

Latitudinal Extent - 8° 4’ N to 37°6’ N

Land area - 3287263 sq km

Longitudinal Extent - 68°7’ E to 97°25’ E

Land frontier - 15200 kms.

North South Extent- 3214 km.

Coast line (inc islands) - 7516.6 kms.Southern most point of mainland - KanniyakumariSouthern most point of Indian territory - Indira PointNorthern most point - Indira ColEastern most point - Walong Town (Arunachal Pradesh).Western most point - Rajheer Creek - Rann of KutchHighest point - Mount Godwin Austin - K2 (PoK) 8611 m

(S

HA

YA

DR

I)

INDIA

Physical



Map 1.4. Thematic Map of India (Rainfall)

INDIA

Rainfall



Distance between two places can be calculated by using scale in the map.

It is easy to understand and carry from place to place.

ATLAS

When a number of maps containingvarious Informations about the earth areput together in a book is called an atlas. Inother words, it is a collection of maps in abook form. It also includes a table ofcontents and an index to help us tonavigate the book properly. The first atlaswas published in 1595.

PLAN

A plan is a detailed drawing made toscale to represent the features of a smallarea on a comparatively large scale. Figureshows the plan of a school.

SKETCH

A sketch is a rough drawing of anything neither drawn to scale nor is it a perfectrepresentation of the object.

Fig. 1.6. A Sketch

Fig. 1.5. A Plan of a School


Terms to Remember

Globe: Three dimensional representation of the earth.

Map: It is a representation of the earth on a flat piece of paper.

Plan: A detailed drawing made to scale.

Sketch: A rough drawing and has no scale.

Exercise

A. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the Lesson.

(a) ____________is a model of the earth.

(b) The distance between two places can be measured by ______in a map.

(c) ________is given in a map to explain the meaning of the symbols and

Colour.

(d) The boundaries of countries and states are shown in ________maps.

(e) _________maps show the different landforms on earth.

B. Write true or false.

(a) Globe gives us detail information of the earth surface.

(b) Atlas is a collection of maps.

(c) Population map is a political map.

(d) Colours and symbols are used to decorate a map.

(e) Direction in a map is denoted by the north line.

(f) A rough drawing or an out line not drawn to scale.

C. Answer the following questions in a sentence.

(a) What is Globe?

(b) What are the basic features of a map?

(c) What is the use of the title of the map?

(d) Name the two main types of map.

SChands Elementry Geography - 5

Publisher : SChand Publications ISBN : 9788121935494 Author : Ranjana Gupta

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