The Eisenhower Era Chapter 40 ppt. The Advent of Eisenhower.
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Transcript of The Eisenhower Era Chapter 40 ppt. The Advent of Eisenhower.
The Eisenhower Era
Chapter 40 ppt
The Advent of Eisenhower
1952 Election
Democrats nominate Adlai Stevenson– Korea, MacArthur, inflation, scandal
Republicans nominate Eisenhower– Taft out– Nixon VP
Ike very popular
I Like Ike War hero Easy to like President of Columbia University
Rough campaigning to Nixon
Aggressive Attack Democrats for coddling communists
Checkers Speech
Nixon accused of wrong doing Uses TV to prove innocence Eisenhower keeps Nixon
Eisenhower embraces TV
Foreshadows future campaigns
TV changes politics
Go straight to voters Threatens party power Sound bites popular form of communication
Results
Eisenhower – 33.9 million and 442 electoral votes
Stevenson – 27.3 million and 89 electoral votes
Ike goes to Korea
Promised Could not get peace process going
Korea
Millions of dollars 54,000 American deaths Return to pre-war conditions Containment had been achieved Limited warfare
“Ike” takes command
Americans want calmer times
Worried about affluence Escape from Depression and War Reassured we would prevail in Cold War
Ike above politics
Worked well with others Very harmonious
Ike suited to American anxieties
Decade of shaky peace Critics say he cared more about social
harmony than social justice
What to do about McCarthy?
Accused State Department of communists Never found 1 Republicans let him run
– Hurt Democrats
McCarthy flourished in Cold War
Manipulated the media Exploited anxieties Ruined many lives
Accusations begin to grow Accuses Marshall and Democrats
Americans support McCarthy
Ike refused to get in gutter with McCarthy Damaged moral and recruitment into
government service
McCarthy attacks the army
Went to far On TV
– Shows his meanness and irresponsibility– Censored– Dies in 3 years of alcoholism
Desegregating the South
Situation
15 million 2/3 live in South Jim Crow lives on Segregated society and schools Only 20% registered to vote Vigilante violence
An American Dilemma
Gunmar Myrdal Exposed contradictions in society
Jackie Robinson joins the Dodgers Very few other successes
Refuse to suffer in silence
NAACP gains a few successes– 1944 White primary unconstitutional– Thurgood Marshall becomes chief legal council– Sweat v. Painter – separate black professional
schools failed to meet test of equality
Rosa Parks
Montgomery, Alabama Refused to give up her “whites only” seat Martin Luther King Jr. gets involved
Montgomery bus boycott
Led by King Non violent Establishes King as a leader
Seeds of the Civil Rights Revolution
Truman ends segregation in the military
Manpower shortages in Korea Could not get civil rights legislation Ike shows no interest
Chief Justice Earl Warren
Appointed by Ike Thought he was conservative Encouraged Court to become Populist Attacks social issues
Brown v Board of Education
Reversed Plessy v Ferguson Separate but equal is not equal Segregation must end in public schools
Border states go along
Southern states resist “all deliberate speed” very slow in South
Crisis at Little Rock
Ikes stance on civil rights
Does not educate Americans on need to desegregate
Grew up in segregated Army Criticized Truman’s desegregation of army Did not support Brown case
Little Rock, Arkansas
Orval Faubus keeps 9 students out of Central High School
Challenges federal authority
Civil Rights Act passed by Congress
Ike says its mild Sets up Civil Rights Commission
SCLC
Southern Christian Leadership Conference Formed by King Mobilizes black churches for civil rights
– Better organized
Greensboro, North Carolina
Sit in at Woolworths Protest grew Sit in movement grows across nation
SNCC
Southern blacks form Student Non Violent Coordinating Committee Gives focus to civil rights efforts
Eisenhower Republicans at Home
Ike
Liberal with people Conservative with money and government Bland leading the bland
Wants to balance federal budget
Stopped military buildup Release government oil to private companies Encourages private electric companies to
compete with TVA Opposed free distribution of polio Tried to restore free markets to farmers
Operation Wetback
1 million Mexicans rounded up and sent back to Mexico
Tries to cancel Indian New Deal
Wants to reverse assimilation Klamaths bought out Most resisted
New Deal programs Ike kept
Social Security Unemployment insurance Labor or farm programs
Interstate Highway Act of 1956
Out does the New Deal $27 billion for 42,000 miles of road
– Creates countless construction jobs– Sped up suburbanization– Benefits trucking– Hurts railroads– More energy consumption– Pollution
No balanced budget
Only three times Biggest peacetime deficit Economic troubles revive Democrats in 1954 AFL and CIO join together
New Look At Foreign Policy
John Foster Dulles
Secretary of State Wants to roll back communists Balance budget Cut military spending
Policy
Balance budget Strengthen US position in world
– Builds up Strategic Air Command
Massive Retaliation
Inflicted by SAC if Soviets get out of hand Was cheaper
Ike seeks to thaw Cold War
Khrushchev new leader of Soviets Geneva peace talks start with hope but
comes up empty handed
New foreign policy illusionary
1956 Hungarian revolt– Put down by Soviets– Shows weakness of massive retaliation– Military costs go up– Ike warns of dangerous military industrial complex
The Vietnam Nightmare
How it begins
1. Nationalist movement in Indochina 2. Ho Chi Minh appeals to Wilson & FDR 3. Ho Chi Minh becomes more communist 4. US supports French with $1 billion a year 5. Viet Minh guerilla forces winning 6. Defeat of French and Dien Bien Phu 7. Ike does not bomb Viet Minh-holds back 8. Dien Bien Phu falls
9. Vietnam divided at 17th parallel 10. Elections to be held in 2 years 11. Elections never held because communists could
win 12. Ike promises aid to Ngo Dien Diem 13. Diem unpopular 14. US can’t back out 15. SEATO created to help Vietnam policy
A False Lull In Europe
Germany invited to join NATO
Warsaw Pact in response– Counter NATO– 1955
Cold War seemed to be thawing
Arms control with Moscow Soviets say they will end occupation of
Austria Khrushchev denounces Stalin
– Destalinization
– Lull ends when Hungarians brutally put down
Menaces in the Middle East
Fear Soviets will move into Middle East
CIA engineer coups to keep Iran friendly to US
Installs Shah of Iran Left bitter legacy
Suez Crisis
Nassar or Egypt nationalizes Suez Canal Wants to build great dam When Nassar talks to communists US and
Britain withdraw financial support
Seems to threaten western oil supplies
Britain and France attack Egypt US cuts off oil to Britain and France
– Allies withdraw– US police force sent to maintain order– Last time US uses oil as weapon
US becomes net oil importer Reserves dwindle
Eisenhower Doctrine
1957 Offers military and economic aid to Middle
East to fight communism
OPEC formed to control their own oil in 1960
The Voters Still Like Ike in 1956
Republicans re-nominate Ike
Heart attack Surgery Suez and Budapest issues Still very popular
Democrats
Stevenson again Attacks Ike’s health Nixon’s dishonesty Stand pattism
Ike wins easily
35.5 million to 26 million votes 457 electoral votes to 73
Both Houses go to Democrats Ike widely loved
Round Two For Ike
Relies on trusted aides
Sherman Adams leaves amid scandal John Foster Dulles died of cancer in 1958 Cuts back on work Health weak
Labor Organization reform bill
Labor being taken over by organized crime Teamsters Dave Beck embezzlement Jimmy Hoffa takes over
– Teamsters expelled from AFL-CIO– Had taken $15 million from the union– Hoffa jailed, released, disappears
Landrum-Griffin Act
Eisenhower appeals to nation over union bosses protests
Keep unions honest End bullying tactics
Race With The Soviets Into Space
Sputnik
Russians launch first satellite in 1957 Sputnik II carries a dog Shatters American confidence Makes Soviets and communism look good
Military implications
If missile into space one could land in America
Eisenhower says not to worry Blamed on Truman Make up missile gap
Rocket Fever
Sweeps the nation Took four months to put first satellite into
space
Education
Sputnik led to compare education systems NDEA – National Defense and Education Act
– Gave aid to needy college students– Grants to teach science and languages
The Continuing Cold War
Nuclear Race Getting Out Of Hand
Could now destroy world many times Soviets call for test ban after dirty tests US halting testing Both countries violate suspension
Lebanon
Ike sends troops Aid against communists under Eisenhower
Doctrine 1958 Close to war
Khrushchev invited to US
Hold summit conference to ease Cold War Tells UN he wants complete disarmament
Camp David Meeting
Khrushchev calls for extension of withdrawal from Berlin
World relieved
Summit Conference to follow in Paris
Gary Power shot down in U2 spy plane Ike denies we were spying Khrushchev uses as propaganda against US Calls off summit
Cuba’s Castroism Spells Communism
Latin America upset at US
Spending more on Europe than closer to home
CIA coup in Guatamala in 1954 US supports bad dictators
Fulgencio Batista headed Cuba
US had given him support Fidel Castro starts rebellion in 1959 Denounces American imperialism Becomes a communist satellite Refugees head to America
Soviets defend Castro
Will attack if we try to oust Castro
US gives money to Latin America
To fight communism Stop Castro who wants to enlarge his
revolution
Kennedy Challenges Nixon For The Presidency
Republicans nominate Nixon– Ruthless or a party leader– More responsibility as VP– Kitchen Debate with KIhrushchev in 1959– Could stand up to communism
Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
VP Grandson
Democrats
Kennedy LBJ closest rival Calls for New Frontier
The Presidential Issues of 1960
Roman Catholic
Would Pope control the White House? Baptists fear Catholics
Charges that Soviets have gained on US prestige and power
Kennedy-Nixon Televised Debate
Tipped the scale Kennedy looks better
– Nixon out of hospital
Results
Kennedy – 303 to 219 electoral votes
Only 118,574 votes separate candidates
Democrats
Stayed together Control both houses of Congress Youngest elected President
An Old General Fades Away
Ike still popular
Criticized for too much golfing
22nd Amendment
Does not hurt Ike Democratic Congress friendly to Ike
Legacy
America prosperous St. Lawrence Waterway project Alaska and Hawaii added
– Democratic states
No big failures
Could have had a stronger civil rights record Kept New Deal Failed to end arms race Checks communist aggression
– Long road to relaxation of tensions
Changing Economic Patterns
Nation of home owners
1 of every 4 homes built after 1950
Science and technology drive economy
Transistor sparks electronic revolution IBM computers in 1940s
– Dawning of information age
Aerospace industry grows
Strategic Air Command Airline business
– 707– Air Force One a 707
Nature of work changes
White collar workers outnumber blue collar– Postindustrial society
Organized labor shrinks– Union memberships slows
Special opportunities for women
Cult of domesticity emerges to celebrate women’s role as homemaker
Ideal urban family as seen on TV Women fill clerical jobs
– Pink collar jobs
Women working creates social and psychological shocks
Homemaker and worker Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique 1963
– Protest literature– Boredom of housewife– Struggles of working woman– Seek fulfillment as working women– Defined as unfeminine
Consumer Culture in the Fifties
Expansion of consumer culture
Diner’s Club McDonald’s Disneyland Fast Food New lifestyle of leisure and affluence
TV plays critical role in social development
7 million TVs sold by 1951 By 1960 almost every house has a TV Movie attendance slows Advertising spends $10 billion on TV
Religion capitalizes
Televangelists– Oral Roberts– Billy Graham– Fulton Sheen (Catholic)
Sports
Commercialization Shifting West and South
– Giants move to San Fransisco– Dodgers move to LA– Football and Basketball make gains also
Popular music
Elvis Presley – The King– Solidifies rock and roll– Brought youth to record buying industry– 45s sold– Parents appalled
Traditionalists upset
Marilyn Monroe flaunted sexuality Playboy shows up for affluent young
professional men
Economist Kenneth Galbraith
Questions relation of private wealth and public good
The Affluent Society– Failure of wealthy to increase spending for
common good– Influences Johnson and Kennedy
Life In The Mind Of Postwar America
Pre War writers still influential
Hemingway – Old Man and the Sea Steinbeck – East of Eden
New writers
Struggle of individual against conformity– JD Salinger’s Catcher In The Rye
Satarized stupidity of military and war– Joseph Heller’s Catch 22
Playwrites
Tennessee Williams – Cat On A Hot Tin Roof– A Streetcar Named Desire
Arthur Miller– Death of a Salesman– The Crucible
Southerners
William Faulkner– Nobel Prize
The Beat Movement
Jack Kerouac Allen Ginsberg Rebellious writers and intellectuals Drugs Rebellion against social standards Model for hippies of 60s