AMERICAN PAGEANT CHAPTER 39 The Stormy Sixties: 1960 – 1968 .
1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy...
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Transcript of 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy...
1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement
Chapter 37: The Eisenhower EraChapter 38:The Stormy Sixties
Paradox; Freedom for whom? Equality for whom?
Segregation in the South Jim Crow Laws
(1881) Segregated public
facilities “separate but equal” Adopted across the
South SEGREGATION
Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 Man 7/8th’s white &
1/8th African American tried to sit in “whites only” railway car
Was Arrested He sued
Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 Supreme Court Ruled: that “separate but
equal” laws did not violate 14th amendment”
Supreme Court Ruling gave South permission to discriminate!
Roberto Alvarez vs. Board of Trustees of the Lemon Grove School District San Diego, California 1931 School
Principal refused to allow Mexican students to his school
Separate School for 74 Mexican students was built
Court Ruled: “Racial Segregation illegal”
Mendez v. Westminster School District 1946, Orange
County California Parents fought to
“Desegregate” schools
Racial discrimination Court ruling:
“segregation based solely on national origin unconstitutional”
Earl Warren Appointed Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court
Early 1950’s “Warren Court”
one of the most liberal in history
Brown vs. Board of Education (1954)
Linda Brown- 1st grader
had to travel an hour ½ to attend African American School
a white school was located less than one mile away form her home
Brown vs. Board of Education (1954) NAACP (The National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People) encouraged Brown Family to sue the
Topeka, Kansas school board Argument: Linda’s equal rights had been
violated
Thurgood Marshall Represented Brown
family Later became 1st
African American to serve on Supreme Court
Argued 14th amendment guarantees ALL citizens equal protection under law
“equal opportunity”
Supreme Court Ruled:
“ separate facilities are inherently unequal”
Ruling Overturned 1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson Decision
Supreme Court Ordered The desegregation of all public school facilities Not well received by Southerners
Little Rock, Arkansas 1957
Governor of Arkansas Orval Faubus
Ordered National Guard to bar the entrance
Of 9 African American students to an all white High School
“Little Rock 9” - 1957 9 African American
Students allowed entrance by federal court ruling
Violent protests erupted
President Eisenhower ordered federal troops to the city
To escort students to school !
In Response, Orval Faubus
Shut down all public schools
In order to rebel against integration/ desegregation
Rosa Parks Montgomery,
Alabama, 1955 Refused to give
up her seat to a white
patron on a city bus
Arrested & fined
Dr. Martin Luther King Organized bus
boycott Until buses were
desegregated African Americans
made up 95% of Montgomery’s bus riders
Dr. Martin Luther King & the Southern
Christian Leadership Conference
Challenged Jim Crow Laws in South
Believed in peaceful protest
“Non-violent resistance”
“Sit- Ins” 1960, Greensboro
North Carolina Local High School &
College students Sat at a
Woolworth’s white’s only lunch counter and
Refused to leave until they were served
“sit –Ins” -Non-violent Protest
“Sit – in” Lasted 6 months Students took
turn rotating seats Formed the
Student non-violent Coordinating Committee
“Freedom Summer” 1961 – a group of
mostly college students formed
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Boarded busses in North and traveled South to protest against segregation
Freedom Riders
Showed support for
Desegregation of public transportation In Alabama
Faced firebombs Several “riders”
were severely beat
Attorney General Robert Kennedy Sent federal
marshals to protect freedom riders
Signaled a victory for CORE
Birmingham, Alabama 1963
City closed all public facilities as a protest against integration
Dr. King Staged a march- 1963
Was arrested & Jailed
“letter from Birmingham jail”
Peaceful Protest in Birmingham
Turned violent when
Police Commissioner ordered the use of dogs, fire hoses against
non-violent protesters
John F. Kennedy
Actively began to seek legislation to protect civil rights
JFK’s “New Frontier” addressed :
poverty unemployment racism
August 28, 1963 Dr. King organized
most successful march in U.S. history
Washington, D.C. To show support of
civil rights legislation
“I Have a Dream” speech
I Have a Dream… “I have a dream that one day this nation
will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: ‘we hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal’…”
November 22, 1963
John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Texas
Lee Harvey Oswald lone gunman
Lyndon B. Johnson became President
1964-1968 “Long hot
summers” Race riots erupted
in Los Angeles (Watts), Chicago, Atlanta
Lyndon B. Johnson concluded that…
Poverty & lack of opportunity prompted riots
1. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT, 1964
outlawed segregation of public accommodations
Est. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Made illegal discrimination based on race, gender, religion, ethnic origin
2. VOTING RIGHTS ACT, 1965 Outlawed literacy tests for voters Nationalized voter registration system
Lyndon B. Johnson
Formally Elected President, 1964
Platform: “Great Society”
To expand civil rights
cut income taxes rid society of
poverty
LBJ’s Great Society Programs 1. Economic Opportunity Act 1964: Job Corps, Head Start, Upward Bound Programs
2. Medical Care Act 1965 : Medicare, Medicaid
3. Housing and Urban Development Act: 1966
To improve housing for poor & urban families
4. Immigration Act of 1965 - repealed “quotas” benefit to millions of immigrants from Latin America & Asia
LBJ’s Great Society Programs 5. Higher Education ACT –1965
Scholarships & low interest loans to needy students
6. National Endowments for the Arts & Humanities 1965 – promotes artistic & cultural activities
7. Truth in Packaging Act 1966- to protect consumers from misleading claims
Native Americans, 1964
Hundreds Lobbied in Washington
For the inclusion of Native Americans in President Johnson’s “war on poverty”
Native American Rights
Suffered worst poverty
Inadequate housing
Highest disease & death rates
Life expectancy of 44
President Johnson Responded by establishing 1. National Council on Indian Opportunity 2. Appointed 1st Native American to head
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Militant Native American Groups
“Native American” became preferred term
Mocked Columbus Day
Stages sit- ins at museums which housed Native American remains
American Indian Movement (AIM)
Founded in 1968 Promoted
traditional ways of Native American life
Wanted to prevent police brutality and harassment of Native Americans
Wanted Textbooks to include Native American experience/history
American Indian Movement (AIM)
November 1969 Occupied Alcatraz
Island Lived in island for
19 months as protest
Alcatraz
A symbol of conditions on reservations:
No running water, inadequate sanitation facilities, no unemployment, no health care , soil unproductive
AIM Inspired Native American to be proud of their
heritage 1970 census: 800,000 people identified
themselves as Native Americans Many for the first time
Chicano Movement
MECHA- Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Aztlan
Led Chicano high school students in boycott of classes in East Los Angeles
“blowouts” 1968
Chicanos Protested Poor educational
conditions in their schools
Demanded bilingual education
Demanded Chicano Studies classes in colleges/Universities
Cesar Chavez
Non violent resistance
To fight for social change mid 60’s
United Farm Workers
Organized consumer boycotts of table grapes
Dr. King was Assassinated
April, 1968 In Memphis,
Tennessee
Robert Kennedy
Was Assassinated in Los Angeles
June, 1968