THE ECCLES-JORDAN CIRCUIT USING JUNCTION TRANSISTORS...
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The Eccles-Jordan circuit using junction transistors Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Jones, Lincoln D. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 23/06/2018 17:10:09 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/319545
Transcript of THE ECCLES-JORDAN CIRCUIT USING JUNCTION TRANSISTORS...
The Eccles-Jordan circuit using junction transistors
Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic)
Authors Jones, Lincoln D.
Publisher The University of Arizona.
Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this materialis made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona.Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such aspublic display or performance) of protected items is prohibitedexcept with permission of the author.
Download date 23/06/2018 17:10:09
Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/319545
THE ECCLES-JORDAN CIRCUIT USING JUNCTION TRANSISTORS
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TRANSISTOR PARAMETERS IN SATURATION
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SOLUTION OF DESIGN EQUATIONS O o o o o o
BIBLIOGRAPHY © © o o o o o - o o O o o o o o o o o o o
LIST OF TABLES J j© ’ GRAPHS ' / . '
. - TABLE PAGE
I - T e s t R e s u l ts ' f o r th e E c c le s - J o rd a nG3.rC13.Xt o o Q & ■ cy o 9 o <y ' e a t> e ti & AS
I I L a b o ra to ry R e s u l t s f o r C a lc u la te d P e r c e n t a g e s o f Hj_/Rg. R a t io A d ju s tm en t o 0 0 0 48
I I I Sum m arised D e s ig n P ro c e d u re >» e <, 0 - o 0 ; <> o 52
IV - . T r a n s i s t o r P a ra m e te r s i n C u to f f » <> o ♦. >. » 55
. ' V ’ S a t u r a t i o n R e s i s ta n c e M easurem ents p. o ® 0 ® 62
VI S m all S ig n a l T r a n s i s to r P a ra m e te rs * » » 0 o 69
G R A P H S \ • - '
I N e g a tiv e R e s i s ta n c e G h a r a c t e r i s t i c s p » o » 44
I I P e r c e n t D e v ia t io n o f S a t u r a t i o n C u r re n t f o r■ C o r r e c te d and U n e o r re e te d R a t io s o f
R j/R g f o r Raiidom V a lu e s o f Load R e sx s ta n c e o p o o p o o » p © ® * p p © 4V
I I I C u to f f i eG C l i a r a c t e r i s f i c s f o r Type JCEL(M o to ro la ) J u n c t io n T r a n s i s t o r s t « 57
IV O poa-B ase 'C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r Type . X l l1 (M o to ro la ) J u n c t io n T r a n s i s t o r s o = © e 58
V F o rw ard R e s i s ta n c e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o rType XEL (M o to ro la ) J u n c t io n T r a n s i s t o r s 65
VI F o rw ard R e s i s ta n c e G b a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r. Type XEL (M o to ro la ) J u n c t io n T r a n s i s to r s 64
V II G rounded B ase C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ® 0 0 0 © # o 72
. ; V : ‘ 1181 OF FlOOREa ' , '
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1 " B lo c k D iagram o f t h e E c c le s - J o rd a n C i r c u i t 0 3
v $ y $ . 7 o l ta g :e C o n t r o l le d N e g a tiv e R e s is ta n c e :OlirVe <? o d o o > o o 0 o «• o o d * 5
: /? '■ Load L in e and I fe g a t iv e R e s i s ta n c e R e la t i o n ”S hin d o o o d o d -o d o o o d o o o e 7
4 ■ S t a t i c C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a J u n c t io n • I r a n s i s t o r o © o o o & » s o © o © e o 9
S m all C u r r e n t E q u iv a le n t : C i r c u i t s \ « 0. 1: o o 13
6 - ; •; T r a n s f e r C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s © ' « • © - » © ■ © ■ © © e c> * 14
. . f F o u r T e rm in a l N etw ork © • © • © © © © o - o © o « . 15
8 . . . - G rounded E m it te r1 C i r c u i t © © © © © ©' © » ‘ 0 <> 19
; 9 - A c tiv e R e g io n . E q u iv a le n t G i r c u i t © © © © o o 21
10 ■ Load C i r c u i t © © © © © © © © © © © © © © n o ■ 28
11 • .E q u iv a le n t C i r c u i t s w i th -Forward B ia s * o . o . 87
12 B lo c k D iagram o f R e g io n s o f O p e ra t io n © o o 30
13 - B a s ic Eccle-S” J o rd a n C i r c u i t © © © © © © 0 o 31
' W / ' ' B ia s C i r c u i t s . « © o ’ ©: - © >- © © © © © ©' ©, 0 -O- 34
15 B re a d h o a rd L ay o u t f o r . th e E c c le s ~ J o rd a n C i r c u i t © ■© © © 4 © © © © © . © © © •#. C( $ 39
16 N e g a tiv e R e s is ta n c e T e s t C i r c u i t . © * © © 0 0 45
17 T e s t C i r c u i t s f o r C u to f f C u r re n ts © © ©-- 0 o 56
18 T e s t C i r c u i t s f o r F orw ard R e s i s ta n c e © S o o 65
19 D© C© B ia s in g C i r c u i t A rrangem ent © © * o o 70
20 , C i r c u i t C o n n e c tio n f o r M easu rin g H y b rid P a ra m e te r s © .© » © - ® . ■© © © © -<> © © 1 0 0 71
INTRODUCTION
The E e c le s - J o r d a n c i r c u i t y m ore commonly knovm as t h e ; -
e i r c u i t was f i r s t d e v e lo p e d and adap ted - to vacuum,
tu b e s by Wo Ho E c c le s and Fo Wo J o rd a n i n 1 9 1 9 0^ D e s p i te th e
m odern a d v a n c e s .o f c i r c u i t d e s ig n p ro c e d u re s and new vacuum
tu b e d e v e lo p m e n ts 3 th e b a s e c i r c u i t h a s n o t b e e n a l t e r e d i n
i t s b a s i c fo rm , ■ . ■.
' - W ith th e a d v e n t, o f th e t r a n s i s t o r . , a r e p la c e m e n t f o r th e
vacuum tu b e i s a s s u r e d i n many ty p e s o f c i r c u i t r y e
Much h as b e e n w r i t t e n i n f a v o r o f th e p o i n t c o n ta c t
t r a n s i s t o r a s : th e a c t i v e e le m e n t i n a 81 f l i p - f l o p ” c i r c u i t b e
c a u se o f i t s i n h e r e n t n e g a t iv e r e s i s t a n c e p r o p e r t i e s ^ H ow ever9
t h e s y m m e tr ic a l a r ra n g e m e n t o f th e ju n c t io n t r a n s i s t o r c i r c u i t -
h a s s e v e r a l a d v a n ta g e s b e c a u s e ,e a c h - - t r a n s i s to r , c a n be i n d i v i d
u a l ly ' s t a b l e 9
T h is t h e s i s w i l l a t te m p t to .show how a p a i r o f j u n c t io n
t r a n s i s t o r s - a re . a d a p ta b le ' to t h e E c c le s - J o r d a n c i r c u ih o
The b a s i c c i r c u i t d e s ig n c r i t e r i a w i l l b e l i m i t e d to t h a t
o f b i s t a b l e o p e r a t io n , b e c a u se m o n o s ta b le and a s t a b l e opera--
t i o n a r e m ere ly e x te n s io n s o f t h e b a s i c d e s ig n i n t o th e s e o th e r
r e g io n s o .... : - ... . ■ ' .. ." . ■ ,
■ ■ '
V* .» o ; H. E c c le s and F t Wo J o rd a n , «j; T r ig g e r R e lay U t i l i s in g T h r e e - e le c t r o d e Vacuum T u b es3 is R adio R eview , l | 143 , 1919»
cm pter; io
/ \ The b a s i c . E c c le s - J o r d a n c i r c u i t f a l l s i n t o t h e c l a s s i l l -
c a t i o n o f Mt r i g g e r c i r c u i t s 61 and t h e r e f o r e m ust e x h i h i t t h e
C o n d itio n o f s h o r t c i r c u i t s t a b l e o p e r a t io n and open c i r c u i t= . - - ■ ■ g
s t a b l e o p e r a t io n s e p a r a te d by an: a c t i v e u n s t a b le r e g i o n 0
The m ethod o f a t t a c k i n th e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h i s t h e s i s w i l l '
b e to a n a ly s e th e r e g io n s o f o p e r a t io n and. to show how th e
j u n c t i o n t r a n s i s t o r w i l l f u l f i l l t h e r e q u ir e m e n ts 'o f s t a b i l
i t y i n t h e B c c le s - J o rd a n c i r c u i t s .
A 's i m p l i f i e d b lo c k d ia g ra m o f th e f u n c t io n s o f t h e E ec leS "
J o rd a n c i r c u i t i s sh o rn i n F ig u re ( l a )» I f one c o n s id e r s t h a t
th e a m p lify in g .d e v ic e s i n th e c o n f ig u r a t io n o f F ig u re ( l a )
th e n i t i s r e a d i l y s e e n t h a t i f . any e l e c t r i c a l s i g n a l o r .d i s - -.
t u r b a n c e ; i s i n s e r t e d ' a t .any p o i n t i n . th e c i r c u i t s t h e s ig n a l
w i l l im m e d ia te ly s t a r t t o i n c r e a s e ; p ro v id e d t h a t t h e pow er
l o s s e s i n th e c o u p lin g c i r c u i t s a r e l e s s th a n th e power g a in s
o f t h e a c t i v e s t a g e s » . . .
The. s i g n a l b u i ld - u p ' t h e o r e t i c a l l y c o u ld c o n t in u e to w a rd
I n f i n i t y ; how everg i n th e p r a c t i c a l case,, t h e r e a r e l i m t s u
to a m p lify in g d e v ic e s a I t w i l l b e shown t h a t th e t r a n s i s t o r ■
p a ra m e te r s ch an g e upon s i g n a l b u i ld - u p so t h a t th e a m p lify in g
Thomas L» M a r t in s J r , '9 E le c t r o n i c C i r c u i t s * ( l e w .Y o rk s . P r e n t i c e - H a l l ;> Inc» .9. 1 9 5 5 ) a p® 652®
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o p p o s i te to e a c h o t h e r . T h is i s one o f t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e
llc 'c le s - Jo rd a r i ■ c i r c u i t *' T h a t i s when one o f t h e a m p lify in g
/d e v ic e s g o e s i n t o one. o f th e s t a b l e s t a t e s $,- i t w i l l f o r c e th e
o t h e r a m p lify in g d e v ic e i n to th e o p p o s i t e s t a b l e s t a t e o
R eg io n s o f O p e ra t io n s The c o n d i t io n s o f s t a b i l i t y can
b e s e p a ra te d ; , a s s u g g e s te d by. A n d e rso n s0 i n t o t h r e e r e g io n s
o f o p e r a t io n : ' - , .
: ' REGlOl Z ■ REGIOM.II . : REGIOH I l l -
S ta b le ■ U n s ta b le S t a b l e ■
P o s itiv e™ n e g a t i v e - P o s i t i v e -■ r e s is ta n c e . r e s i s t a n c e : . • r e s i s t a n c e
■ C u to f f . A c t iv e . : . S a tu ra t io n .!
T hese t h r e e r e g io n s o f o p e r a t io n c o r re s p o n d to o p e n in g
th e c i r c u i t a t some c o n v e n ie n t p o i n t and m e a su rin g t h e d r i v - '
in g p o i n t r e s i s t a n c e o I n R e g io n - I and R eg ion I I I a p o s i t i v e
r e s i s t a n c e i s . f o u n d and i n R eg io n 11 a n e g a t iv e r e s i s t a n c e ' •
i s foundo T hese r e s i s t a n c e s a r e a c t u a l l y th e s lo p e s o f th e
7=1 c u rv e s , a s i n F ig u re ( 8 )» The n e g a t iv e r e s i s t a n c e r e g io n 3
o r R e g io n 1 I S t o b e o f v a lu e s im p o ses c e r t a i n l i m i t a t i o n s on
th e o v e r a l l c i r c u i t * • r .
, 3° Ao Eugene A n d e rso n 5 HT r a n s i s to r s i n S w itc h in g O 'ir- c u i t s s " P ro co o f th e IoR oEQ s 7 o l 0 4 0 8 Moo 1 1 3 (MoVog 1 9 5 2 )s. po 1541c ■ ■ /: ' ' - '
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o i r o n i t may th e n b e r e p r e s e n te d a s a p a s s iv e f o u r t e r m in a l
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Howeverj i f one com pares th e r e l a t i v e m a g n itu d e s o f th e v a r i -
i®* The e f f e c t o f th e s e sp e e d -u p c a p a c i to r s i s n o t o n ly to C om pensate f o r t h e s h u n t in g e f f e c t o f th e i n t e r n a l e a p a c i< ta n c e o f th e t r a n s i s t o r s h u t a l s o t o p ro v id e f u l l s i g n a l v o l t ag e a t t h e h a s e o f th e t r a n s i s t o r d u r in g th e t r a n s i e n t c o n d it i o n , The a c t u a l v a lu e s o f t h e s e c a p a c i to r s i s n o t c r i t i c a l ^ h u t sh o u ld h e l a r g e com pared to t h e i n t e r n a l c a p a c i ta n c e o f th e t r a n s i s t o rIh id o g p 0 6 5 6 o ' '.
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"be shown t h a t p r a c t i c a l m a g n itu d e s o f E and Eg- a r e i n t h e o r
d e r o f 500 to 1 0 s, 000 ohms w h ile a t y p i c a l v a lu e o f r Q i s i n
th e o r d e r o f 30 ohms $, t h e r e f o r e E ^ » r € 6>; A ls o g c o n s id e r t y p i
c a l v a lu e s o f r e9 th e s e a r e i n th e o rd e r o f megohms0 t h e r e
f o r e r c » R jj0 U sin g th e s e a p p ro x im a tio n s a th e e q u a t io n , f o r Bj_
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.U sing th e s e S'ame a p p ro x im a tio n s p th e e f f e c t i v e t r a n s >
c o n d u c ta n c e c a n h e a p p ro x im a te d by a g a in c o n s id e r in g th e’• - - ; ' . 1 4 : ' • ' ■ - .r e l a t i v e s i z e s o f r ^ " a n d and m aking th e a s s u m p t io n i th a t
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c a n he, fo u n d <, ; :0n 9' i f t h e s ta g e g a in i s eq u a ted , to u n i t y 9 -
t h e ininimum c r i t i c a l v a lu e s o f c i r c u i t d e s ig n p a ra m e te r s c an .
"tin foundo U sing th e above a p p ro x im a tio n s s th e s t a g e g a in i s :
Hti ^ I
, ' ■ . S t a b i l i t y C r i t e r i o n : I t w i l l be n o te d fro m th e p r e v io u s
s e c t i o n t h a t t h e s t a g e g a in can b e e x p re s s e d b y a n e q u a t io n
t h a t . i s a f u n c t io n o f .R n and th e t r a n s i s t o r p a r a m e te r s » To
p ro d u c e r e g e n e r a t io n i t i s o n ly n e c e s s a r y f o r M > 1 8 th e n R ^
c a n b e s o lv e d when, th e g a in i s u n i t y « The r e s u l t s w i l l th e n
g iv e t h e lo w e r d e s ig n l i m i t a t i o n : -
° a ■ •t’o 0 (nkd j
Thusg to a s s u r e r e g e n e r a t io n g th e . e q u iv a le n t im pedance c an b e
com pared w i th th e c r i t i c a l Req.. a s c a l c u l a t e d a b o v e 0 T y p ic a l
v a lu e s o f t h i s c r i t i c a l . r e s i s t a n c e a r e i n t h e o r d e r of.
■ 25 o1 c .
40 olpso. In g e n e ra l9 t h i s w i l l n o t h e . a s e r io u s l im i t a t io n
as p r a c t i c a l v a lu e s o f Heq a re a t l e a s t s e v e ra l hundred ohms0
CfH&PTBR I¥» .
' . R1G10U I I I . OPEEtTIOKF .
Bjpoad ass 'u m p tio n s h av e t o b e made t o c o n s id e r t h i s r e
g io n o f o p e r a t io n s i m i l a r t o a s w itc h i n th e c lo s e d p o s i t i o n
u n l e s s b i a s in g v o l t a g e s c an b e r a t h e r c lo s e l y c o n t r o l l e d , ,
W hile th e change i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s fro m c u t o f f to a c t i v e i s
, q u i t e a b ru p t and i s c o n t r o l l e d s o l e ly by th e e m i t t e r c u r r e n ts
t h e change fro m th e a c t i v e to th e s a t u r a t i o n r e g i o n i s l e s s 16a b ru p t^ T h is change i n s t a t e i s d e te rm in e d by t h e lo a d
l i n e a s w e l l a s by th e e m i t t e r c u r r e n t s
' D e f i n i t i o n o f S a t u r a t i o n s S a t u r a t i o n c an b e d e f in e d a s
when b o th t h e e m i t t e r j u n c t i o n and c o l l e c t o r j u n c t i o n a r e. , i y ' '
b i a s e d i n th e fo rw a rd d i r e c t i o n s
A pprox im ate E q u lv a l e n t G l r c u i t s The e q u iv a le n t c i r c u i t
f o r t h e s a t u r a t i o n r e g io n c an b e g iv e n a s a s im p le p a s s iv e- • • ' ■' 18 • \
f o u r t e r m in a l n e tw o rk a s i n F ig u re ( 1 1 a ) «
1 6 G A r th u r W0 L o9 R ic h a rd Os B n d re s9 Ja k o b Z a w e ls3 F re d Da l a l d h a u e r 3 and C hung-C hih C hengs T r a n s i s to r E le c t r o n i c s s (E nglew ood C l i f f . P r e n t i c e - B a l l 3 Incog 1 9 5 5 ) 9 ps 457» .
J» J s E b ers and J s M o llg ' Mla r 'g e - S ig n a l B e h a v io r o f : J u n c t i o n 'T r a n s i s t o r s ” s ProCo ToRsEsg V ols 4 £ s Ho* 1 2 g (Decs 1 9 5 4 ) , po 176Ss
1 5 a R ic h a rd F« S hea , P r i n c i p l e s o f T r a n s i s t o r C i r c u i t s , ( le w York? Jo h n W iley and Sons* 1 9 5 5 ) 9 p 0 4 2 6 o
27.
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s i s t a n c e s c a n h e r e p l a c e d w i th ' a ; s h o r t c i r c u i t a s i n F ig u re
( l l h ) J : "
T h is e q u iv a le n t c i r c u i t , h o w e v e r3 i s o n ly v a l i d f o r . an
e f f e c t i v e z e ro b i a s o r j u s t s l i g h t l y b e lo w , a s i n d i c a t e d on
th e v e - ±Q c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ( s e e F ig u re 4 ) 0 A c tu a l ly i n
s a t u r a t i o n , any f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e i n e m i t t e r s i g n a l w i l l n o t
e f f e c t th e c o l l e c t o r c u r r e n t
' See A ppendix I I 0.
6 R ic h a rd F» Bhea^ P r i n c i p l e s o f T r a n s i s t o r G i r d u i t s * (New Y o rk t Jo h n W iley and Sonsg 1 9 5 3 ) s po 594o
-: ' _ ; CH&P$ER Vo
.. BaeLBS^JORDAEi. eiH Cm T DESXai GBITEBIS '
The a e t u a l d e s ig n o f th e E o c le s - J o rd a n c i r c u i t u s in g
ju n c t i o n t r a n s i s t o r s m akes u s e o f t h e : a p p ro x im a tio n s o f th e .
t h r e e r e g io n s o f o p e r a t io n .as sho-vm i n F ig u re (IB )* .
The e q u iv a le n t c i r c u i t , t a k e s on two fo r m s : one i n th e
s t a b l e s t a t e s w here th e- b i a s in g p o t e n t i a l s a r e fo u n d and th e
sp e e d -u p c a p a c i to r s h av e no e f f e c t 9 and th e o th e r i n t h e .
■ a c t iv e s t a t e w here t h e r e i s 1 00^ p o s i t i v e f e e d b a c k (assu m in g
t h a t th e sp e e d -u p c a p a c i to r s p r e s e n t a s h o r t c i r c u i t t o a
s te e p wave f r o n t a s i n a t r i g g e r p u l s e ) Q
C i r c u i t O p e r a t io n s A t t h i s p o i n t , i t i s h e l p f u l to •
a n a ly z e b r i e f l y th e o v e r a l l o p e r a t io n o f th e c i r c u i t » R e fe r
to F ig u re ( 1 3 ) o ■ -
Assume- t h a t one - t r a n s i s to p i s . co n d u c tin g - a n d . th e o th e r
i s c u t o f f e Then f o r th e one t h a t i s ' c o n d u c tin g ^ th e c o l l e c t o r
to e m i t t e r r e s i s t a n c e i s v e ry lo w and th e c o l l e c t o r v o l ta g e
i s . e s s e n t i a l l y t h e sam e as: t h a t o f t h e em itte r® Thus th e -
v o l t a g e a t th e i n p u t 8 o r th e b a s e s o f th e o t h e r n o n -c o n d u c tin g
t r a n s i s t o r i s lo w e r (b e c a u s e o f th e v o l t a g e d iv id in g n e tw o rk -
o f and R g) th a n i t s - e m i t t e r s g iv in g th e e m i t t e r a r e v e r s e
b i a s and h o ld in g i t i n cu to ff® T hen, i f t h e r e , i s no c u r r e n t
th ro u g h th e t r a n s i s t o r i n c u t o f f s t h e r e w i l l b e O n ly a s m a ll ■
v o l t a g e d ro p a c r o s s i t s lo a d r e s i s t o r R,- m a in ta in in g a h ig h
enough p o t e n t i a l on th e i n p u t o f t h e c o n d u c tin g t r a n s i s t o r to
3. OP EM
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k e ep l i t cond'u.ctingo
H ow everg: i f now a p u l s e I s a p p l i e d to th e i n p u t o f th e
n o n -c o n d u c tin g t r a n s is to r ® th e e f f e c t i v e "bias w i l l he t h a t o f -
t h e c o n d u c tin g t r a n s i s t o r and i t s r e s i s t a n c e w i l l su d d e n ly
d ro p w h ich w i l l c a u se i t s c o l l e c t o r v o l ta g e t o d ro p , T h is
d ro p w i l l i n t u r n lo w e r t h e i n p u t v o l ta g e on th e c o n d u c tin g
t r a n s i s t o r so t h a t i t w i l l im m e d ia te ly "be "b iased i n th e - r e -' : ' ' '' 2 1
v e r s e d i r e c t i o n and b e c u to f f o
The f i r s t c o n s i d e r a t i o n th e n i s to d e s ig n th e c i r c u i t so
t h a t i t s o p e r a t io n r e s u l t s one t r a n s i s t o r c u t o f f and one t r a n
s i s t o r s a tu r a te d *
. S a tu r a t e d S t a g e s - R e f e r r in g a g a in to t h e a c t u a l c i r c u i t
c o n f i g u r a t i o n (F ig u re 1 3 ) / i t w i l l b e n o te d t h a t a b i a s v o l t
ag e Sq ; i s n e e d e d g and i s o b ta in e d by th e v o l t a g e d ro p th ro u g h
Rg- by t h e s a t u r a t i o n c u r r e n t o f th e c o n d u c tin g t r a n s i s t o r o
T h is v o l ta g e w i l l b e d e s ig n a te d by a f i c t i t i o u s b a t t e r y v o l t -
a g e f o r p u rp o s e s o f a n a l y s i s when n e e d e d =
I n th e r e g io n s o f o p e r a t io n , s e v e r a l a s su m p tio n s dan b e .
m ad e . t o - S im p l i f y th e o v e r a l l - c i r c u i t c o n f i g u r a t i o n s » I n t h e
s a t u r a t e d r e g io n we f in d g fro m th e t r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
(F ig u re Shi) g t h a t t h i s r e g io n c a n e x te n d beyond t h e k n ee o f
t h e cu rve* How ever3 i f t h i s r e g io n i s h e ld j u s t a t t h e k n e e l
E le c t r o n i c s S t a f f o f th e C r u f t L a b o ra to ry ,~ E le c t r o n ic C i r c u i t s and Tubes a ( le w Y ork : M cG raw -H ill Book C o*v 1947") ? ppo 843-848* . ;
. , . : 33*.
o f th e eu fveg th e c u r r e n t from t h e b i a s in g s u p p ly i s v e ry
s m a ll so t h a t J e =" I e ° t h i s a s s u m p tio n i s th e same a s assum ing -
:-M ^ ,n to be u n i ty o M aking u s e o f t h e s e a ssu m p tio n s and n e g -- : - ' . 'gg , \ , ' ■ . ' ■ :■ ; ' ' ■l e c t i h g i n th e s a t u r a t i o n p e g !o n 3 th e c o n d u c tin g p o r t i o n
o f th e e q u iv a le n t c i r c u i t can b e g iv e n a s i n F ig u r e (1 4 a )a
S o lv in g t h i s : e q u iv a le n t c i r c u i t f o r t h e b i a s in g p o t e n t i a l s .
by K i r c h h o f f 8 s law g iv e s $
1 3 Rk
G = I s R k =?= Z ia f R i R a )
From th e s e e q u a t io n s s; th e s a t u r a t i o n c u r r e n t I s c a n b e fo u n d
by m eans o f th e d e te r m in a n t :
' ; e ec R ' v :' . : . ' ■
S i o t h e r r e l a t i o n s h i p t h a t m ust b e c o n s id e re d i s th e o u t
p u t o f t h i s s a t u r a t e d s t a g e t o th e in p u t o f th e n e s t s t a g e
( d e s ig n a te d a s ■%■)*■. The i n p u t 3 Ej_s m ust keep th e n e x t s t a g e
c u to f f o The o n ly c u r r e n t , ta k e n fro m Eq w i l l b e I ^ , e o y w M ch ,P3 . -
can. b e n e g le c te d * - However^ f o r t h i s n e x t s ta g e : t o b e th e
^ 0 U e g le c t in g i s r a t h e r a b ro a d a s su m p tio n s in c e m t y p i c a l o rd e r o f m a g n itu d e i s S00 m icro am p erese More w i l l b e s a i d a b o u t t h i s . a s s u m p tio n i n a l a t e r s e c t io n * .
i s i n t h e o rd e r o f o n ly a f r a c t i o n o f a m ic ro s am pere f o r uhe t r a n s i s t o r s t e s te d # See: A ppend ix 1 0 ' ..kc:-,;
34,
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c u t o f f s t a t e j i t i s n e c e s s a r y f o r % / t o - f e e 'o f su c h a v a lu e so
t h a t th e b a s e to e m i t t e r V o l ta g e ' m i l b e e q u a l id . d r l e s s
th a n th e r e q u i r e ^ c u t o f f - v o l t a g e E . . S.. ■ ' . - . ' ; ' ; - ■■ .. : 0 0 . ■ ■■■ - - ... . - :v ■ ■; . '
' Ci ” E ^ t c E e o . '
0 r P a . : d i r e c t s o lu t io n - f o r fro m th e e q u iv a le n t c i r c u i t o f
F ig u r e 14a, g iv e s 5 : ■ . ; '
“ R K.Rg, Egg
and ;
C u to f f S ta g e 1 The e f f e c t o f th e c u t o f f s t a g e m ust he
c o n s id e r e d as i t m ust su p p ly th e c o r r e c t b i a s v o l t a g e t o • the:
s a t u r a t e d s ta g e s . The i n p u t v o l ta g e t o th e s a t u r a t e d stage* i s
assum ed to b e a t a p p ro x im a te ly th e same p o t e n t i a l a s Efcy b e
c a u s e th e v o l t a g e d i f f e r e n c e , b e tw ee n th e e m i t t e r and c o l l e c t o r
i s v e ry s m a ll d u r in g ’ s a t u r a t i o n <> t 1' Thuss t h e re q u ire d - i n p u t
i s a p p ro x im a te ly e q u a l t o Eg^o
The e q u iv a le n t c i r c u i t f o r th e c u t o f f s t a g e can th en , b e
g iv e n a s i n F ig u re *(14b)o From t h i s c i r c u i t , a n o th e r e q u a t io n
f o r can b e f o r m u la te d f
PA .The v o l t a g e .d rop from c o l l e c t o r to b a s e i s d e f in e d to
b e a t z e ro v o l t s w h ere s a t u r a t i o n b e g i n s ; and th e fo rw a rd v o l t a g e on th e , e m i t t e r i s . . o n ly a few t e n t h s o f a v o l t d ix I I o
See Appen-
■ - ' 36 O
D esign. E q u a t io n s : [Bhe b i a s in g e q u a t io n s a r e tlie n s
-t .R%, (X)
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a Rg, ) E-irg4". R.% )( R*
( 3 )
Frora t h e s e "basic e q u a t io n s 3 th e a c t u a l d e s ig n c r i t e r i a c an
th e n be d e te rm in e d i n te rm s o f th e v o l ta g e s and c u r r e n t s <,
A" s im u lta n e o u s • s o l u t i o n o f th e above e q u a t io n s y i e l d s th e3 5
f o l lo w in g d e s ig n e q u a t io n s 5 ;
R =' ’ ( 5 )i s
■£«(6)
2 5 ° See A ppend ix V f o r s o l u t i o n s o
.A long . w i t h ; t h e s e ;.d e s ig n e q u a t io n s I s th e t h e o r e t i c a l s t i p u
l a t i o n d e v e lo p e d .- in C h a p te r I I I t h a t : " .
e■■ * : ; ; ^ v ' ' ' , y. (9 )
w here Heq i s th e p a r a l l e l . c o m b i n a t i o n o f R and R g : if . sp e ed
up c a p a c i to r s a r e usedo I t w i l l a l s o h e n o te d , by exam in ing
e q u a t io n ( 7 ) s t h a t f o r Rg to e x i s t , th e f o l lo w in g c o n d i t io n
m u st b e m et? .•
CS \ ^ E. g # ^ (1 0 )
l i r a s , by fo l lo w in g th e . above d e s ig n , c r i t e r i a and l i m i t a t i o n s #
a p r a c t i c a l B c c le s - J o r d a n c i r c u i t can b e c o n s t r u c te d *
•. ■ ; CMPTER V I» : J
A PRACIIGM) EGGLBS-JORHAR CIRCUIT
The v a lu e o f d e v e lo p e d e q u a t io n s a r e ' no b e t t e r th a n th e
r e s u l t s th e y p r o d u c e , T h e r e f o r e s i t i s d e s i r a b l e to b u i ld a
w ork ing m odel s u b j e c t to t e s t o
B a s ic T e s t C i r c u i t s The b a s i c t e s t c i r c u i t was con~
s t r u e t e d on a " b re a d b o a rd " ty p e o f l a y o u t so t h a t a l a r g e .
r a n g e o f com puted v a lu e s c o u ld b e t e s t e d » The a c t u a l l a y o u t
i s a s ■s h o w i n F ig u re ( 1 5 ) o. F o r t h i s t e s t c i r c u i t i two ty p e
. X U '(M o to ro la ) J u n c t io n t r a n s i s t o r s w ere used®
C a lc u la te d V a lu e s S As one, d e s ig n p a ra m e te r s a m id -ra n g e
s a t u r a t i o n c u r r e n t o f 2 m il l ia m p e r e s was chosen 's w i th a c u t
o f f v o l ta g e o f Eeo « 3 v o l t s 9 a v o l ta g e su p p ly o f Ecc s b 4 s
a n d a b i a s v o l t a g e o f - 6 v o l t s o T hese v a lu e s w ere th e n
ch eck ed t o s e e i f th e y w o u ld y i e l d w o rk a b le r e s u l t s « F i r s t s ,
f o r the- b i a s i n g r e s i s t o r s to b e p o s i t iv e ^ e q u a t io n ( 1 0 ) had
t o be s a t i s f i e d s
c )3 ) >
d o )
71 >
See A ppendix I I I f o r t r a n s i s t o r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o
59.
a :
i—
r PNP
” T “
"BkRADBOABD" LAYOUT FOli THE ECCLRS-JOkDAN CIRCUIT (SOLID LINES INDICATE EXTERNAL PAltALETEHS)
FIGURE 15
The b i a s i n g , . r e s i s t o r I s th e n p o s i t i v e » : Second , f o r th e c i r
c u i t to b e a b le to r e g e n e r a t e 3 e q u a t io n (9 ) m u st b e s a t i s f i e d
^ : ^ t @ + r v ( l ~ e i h :: ! ; / : :' ~ ~ K ~ ” v
" C f "
The c i r c u i t w i l l th e n r e g e n e r a t e f o r v a lu e s o f Eeq g r e a t e r
th a n 55 ohmsV
The a c t u a l c i r c u i t p a ra m e te r s c o u ld th e n b e c a l c u l a t e d
by e q u a t io n s (5 ) th ro u g h ( 8 )s
— “ ' b& o o ) ~ 3 , 0 0 0 ' - ^ : (6 )
, b ' Q — g © 0 0 ' (Q)
From t h e a b o v e - c i r c u i t p a ra m e te r s 5 I s found?
■ ; . , " ' ■ " 4rXe.
• wJaich i s much g r e a t e r th a n th e c a l c u l a t e d lo w e r l i m i t •
q u i r e d f o r r e g e n e r a t io n ^ The change i n o u tp u t v o l t a g e on th e1 ■ . p«7. . . .
. c o l l e c t o r ; i s c a l c u l a t e d to h e :
I n th e t e s t c i r c u i t a th e s e v a lu e s o f r e s i s t a n c e s w ere
o b ta in e d hy m eans o f d e c a d e b o x es so t h a t r a t h e r c l o s e com*
t l r o l c o u ld b e m a i n t a i n e d I n t h i s c a s e a t r a n s i t i o n , t im e was
n o t a n e le m e n t u n d e r c o n s id e ra tio n ^ . ' so . t h e sp e e d -u p c a p a c i to r s
and th e b i a s v o l t a g e c a p a c i to r w ere l e f t o u t o f. th e
t e s t c i r c u i t o The sy s te m c u r r e n t s ' and v o l t a g e s w ere m easured '
by good q u a l i t y low r e s i s t a n c e m l l l i a m e te r s and c a r e f u l l y
c a l i b r a t e d vacuum tu b e v o l tm e te r s p. • •
T e s t R e s u l t s s The r e s u l t s o b ta in e d f o r t h e ab o v e v a lu e s
a r e sum m erized i n T a b le 1*. R e g e n e ra t io n was o b ta in e d a a s e x -
pec fe d by a p p ly in g a p u l s e to th e i n p u t o r b a s e o f e i t h e r
t f a n s i s to r Q .. ' .
n e g a t iv e R e s i s ta n c e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s * . The v o l t a g e - c u r r e n t
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s to one' o f t h e lo a d r e s i s t o r s w e re m easu red
so t h a t t h e n e g a t iv e r e s i s t a n c e r e g io n o f o p e r a t io n c o u ld b e .
. showne - ■
The t e s t c i r c u i t f o r th e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s was a r r a n g e d
B e ca u se th e ch an g e i n v o l ta g e a c r o s s th e lo a d r e s i s t o r i s e q u a l t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e o f v o l ta g e s on th e c o l l e c t o r f o r t h e c o n d u c tin g and n o n -c o n d u c t io n c o n d i t i o n s > th e e q u a t io n i s s e l f - e v i d e n t fro m F ig u r e (1 4 a ) o
TABLE lo-
‘ ' r : t e s t : r e s u l t s ; a ' ;(Refer to Figo 15)
T ransisto rs used I XEL PIP (Hotorolai) Junctiom
B iasing voltages and cu rren t s VQQ @ 84 W9 £ 6 7g Eco - 31?
; • I s - S ma : : .
C a lc u la te d c i r c u i t p a ra m e te r s s . R ~ 68,000 R . » Rg ” 3,000 %,
, , ;..R * 3,000
Q u a n t ity C a lc u la t e d o r Assumed V alue M easu red V a lu e P e r c e n t |
E r ro r
I s Csioao ) SoO•
lo 7 13a fo
Vg ( V o l t s ) 6 o0 ' - : 4 ©. 5 85 o f0
Ek-tr ( v o l t s ) 6 o0 : ' : . - 5»3 • ' . l i e fo
a s I n F ig u re ' (1 6 )* , The r e s u l t s o h ta iu e d from t h i s t e s t w ere
q u a l i t a t i v e o n ly a a s th e v a r i a b l e v o l t a g e s o u rc e im pedance
was n o t .low enough; t o p r e v e n t t r i g g e r i n g <, - T hese r e s u l t s w ere
p l o t t e d and a r e r e p ro d u e e d .. in G raph lo .' / ■ .t
B e ca u se o f th e d i s c r e p a n c i e s b e tw ee n c a l c u l a t e d and
m easu red v a lu e s o f b i a s in g q u a n t i t i e s s a f u r t h e r s tu d y o f th e
b i a s i n g v o l ta g e s was made and i s p r e s e n t e d i n th e n e x t sec~ .•
tio n e - . - . , ';
R E FE R TO FIG. 163 0
C g = NOT USED I s “ 2 MA
2 0 -
A
PROBAELE PATH15-
10-
O 2 3 4 5 6I, MA ------------ >
NEGATIVE RESISTANCE CHARACTERISTICS
GRAPH I
45,
c c
KK
NEGATIVE RESISTANCE TEST CIRCUIT
‘ FIGURE 16
CORRECTED PARMET1RS FOR THE ECCLES-JORDAI CIRCUIT
I t m i l U s - r e e a l le 'd t h a t i n t h e t ie s ig n c r i t e r i a o f th e
E o e le s - J o r d a n . c i r c u i t , : : s e v e r a l a ssu m p tio n s w ere made* ' One
a s su m p tio n was t h a t i n th e s a t u r a t e d re g io n ^ t h e i n p u t v o l t»
age was j u s t e q u a l to .Eg^-o I f r e f e r e n c e i s made t o th e c h a r
a c t e r i s t i c c u rv e s o f c o l l e c t o r c u r r e n t v s c o l l e c t o r v o l ta g e ;
(F ig u re 4 ) fo r. any g iv e n e in i t t e r c u r r e n t 8 i t w i l l b e n o te d
t h a t s a t u r a t i o n o c c u rs j u s t s l i g h t l y be low t h e z e ro c o l l e c t o r
v o l t a g e ax isg o r i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e k n e e o f t h e t r a n s f e r
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o c c u rs when th e c o l l e c t o r i s j u s t s l i g h t l y
b i a s e d i n th e fo rw a rd , d i r e c t i o n ^
B ia s V o lta g e A d ju s tm e n ts I f a s l i g h t a d ju s tm e n t i s
made i n t h e r a t i o r o f % /E g so t h a t t h e i n p u t v o l t a g e i s j u s t
above %% . i n s t e a d o f e q u a l to i t , b e t t e r r e s u l t s sh o u ld b:e
o b ta inedo . - : ■ r . '' \
A d ju s tm e n t R o s u l t s s T h is d ev e lo p m en t was ch eck ed by
a l t e r i n g t h e r a t i o o f R^/Rg fro m th e c a l c u l a t e d v a lu e by 5 ^ s
1 0 ^ s 15^9 2 0 ,<g and 25^ f o r many random b i a s i n g v o l t a g e s 0 The
d e v ia t i o n o f I s from th e assum ed v a lu e i s t a b u l a t e d i n Table.
I I f o r th e v a r i o u s amounts- o f c o rre c tio n ® An u n c o r r e c te d
and a c o r r e c t e d ( f o r a m id c o r r e c t i o n o f 15$ ) p l o t o f p e r c e n t
d e v ia t i o n o f I g i s p r e s e n t e d i n G raph l i t T hese r e s u l t s a r e
g r a t i f y i n g ^
PER
ChN
T
DEV
IATI
ON
OF
!<-
FROM
C
AL
CU
LA
TE
D
47.
2 0 t
UNCORRECTED
5% CORRECT!01 FOR R / r
- 5 -
10*
PERCENT DEVIATION OF SATURATION CURRENT TOR CORRECTED AMD UNCORRECTED RATIOS OF R i/b g FOR RANDOM VALUES OF LOAD RESISTANCE
GRAPH I I
, im & E l l q ' ' ;LABORATORY RISTJI.TS 'FOR GALGULzlTED
PERGE1TAOEB OF R^/Rg'RATIO ADJUSTlMTS .
A ss’umed v a lu e s : Ec e -' 2 4 ? 9 4 \rg g Ecos gYo s I s ~ S m0ao C a lc u la te d v a lu e s , s R a 6K -9. R% ^ Rg - 1 0 5K ■ & R^ e SK
P e r c e n t”a d ju s tm e n t( p e r c e n t )
G 'o rre e te dR-i
( M lo M s X| C o r r e c te dS. ; I p
(k i lo h m s )
M easured
? * \(m *a»)
M easured
c ^ t s )
O u tp u tYe
( v o l t s ), . e
0 5
1 0 15 2 0 25
/ ■lo 5 0 lo 4 3 lo 3 5 1»27 l e 2 0
: l o l 2
I s 50 I s 57 1*65 ' 1*73 1*80 1 * 8 8
1*75 1*85 1*92 2 * 0 0 2*07
: 2 * 1 0
3*60 3*80 3*95 4*10
. 4*25 : 4*35
3*1 3*2 3*2 - 3*4
' 3*4 5*3
Assumed v a lu e s § Ee e ” 24Vo9 Ecos I s ” 2 m<>a.o C a lc u la te d v a lu e s s R=3K g R-,°0o214E 9 Ro= 0 o642IC s R ,s 2K•- . ' . . , . j l ......... . . . . ..... .. b _ ~ ~ l . .................a . . . . . . -X ........,
P e r c e n t”a d ju s tm e n t( p e r c e n t )
C o r r e c te d, % . (k i lo h m s )
C o r re c te dRp
(k i lo h m s )
- M easur ed■ M \(m *a*)
. M easur ed
C?Sts) ■O utpu t
( v o S t s )
0
/ 1:152 025
Os 214 Os 204 0 o l9 3 0*182 0 .1 7 1- Os162
0*6420*6500*6600*6900*7200*750
1*77 ’ 1*80 1*91 1*90 1*95 2 * 0 0
3*60 3*68 5*70
: 3*90 4*00 4*10
1 * 00*91 * 01 * 11 * 01 * 1
------- ----- --- —-Assumed v a l u e s r Ec e - 2 C a lc u la te d v a l u e s : R~
2?*a Eeo lo5Y*9IC r 3* 38K S: Rg= 1 *12511 s
Percent” 1 Corrected adjustment] R% ' (percent) j (kilohms)
Corrected 1. Measured. Rg Ig(kilohms). I (m* a « )
Measured (vo?ts)
Output• V_(volts)
0 j 3»58 5 3o22 10 j 3o05' 15 2o88 20 I 2o71 25 2o54 •
1*125 1*18 1*24 . 1*29 1*35 1*40
' . :1*55.1*63 . 1*75 1*84 j 1*95 j 2*01
1*60 : 1*70 1*80 | 1*90 i 2*00 1 2*10
4*2 4*3 4*4 . i 4*5 ■ 4 0.7 4* 8 JT
49,
C ontinuation of Table 11 =
Assumed values s Eecs 24V8 C alculated v a lu e s : Rs6K,
2V ».EvoS i v s Ig«R1"Rgs Oo6K s Rk=lK
2 m^a.
P e n c e n t"a d ju s tm e n t( p e r c e n t )
C o r r e c te d%
(k ilo b m s )
C o r r e c te dR o
(k i lo h m s )
M easured , x s v
1 *6 2 . '. 1 * 7 5
■ 1 ©B0 1 ©B9 1© 96
• 2 * 0 ' j
M easu red% K
( v o l t s )
O u tp u t
(v o £ ts 3
0 5
1 0 1 5 2 0 ■ 2 5
• O0.6O 0 o5 7 0 o5 4 0& 51 0 o4 8 : 0 o4 5
0 o.E00 06 50 0 6 6 0 o 6 9 0© 7 2 ' 0 o7 5 '
l o 7 01 * 8 0l o 8 5 1 © 9 5 2 © 0 0
| 2 ©1 0 . /
1 ©4 - ' l o 5 1© 5 1 ©5 : 1 * 6 : 1 ©6 ; d
A ssum ed,v a ] C a lc u la te d
L u e s : Eee= 24VS . Elck« 6Va Beo^ 3V9 Xs® 2 mea 0 v a lu e s : R- 6 K a
P e r c e n t - a d ju s tm e n t (p e r c e n t) .
C o r r e c te dRn
(k ilo jbm s)
C o r re c te dRP
( k i lo h m s )
I M easured! I n s v (m oa* )
'M easu red O u tpu t
f ( v o £ t s )
05 ,
1 01 5 , . 2 02 5 ■
1 .. _ '
3 o0 02 ©95 2 o7 0 2 * 5 5 .2 e.40 2 ©25 ,
So 0 0S o l 5 3 o2 0
- 3© 45 3© 60 3 * 7 5
1 © 7 3 - I 0 8 O ' 1© 87
l o 9 8. 2 o0 2
2 * 0 7
' 5 © 30 5 © 5 0 5 * 7 0 6 0 0 5 6 ©20
t 60 3 0
4© 3 4©:5 4 © 6 4 0S 4 © 9 4 o9
: ' : es&PTER r a i e '
aD iG ijm i oh - A m a i m i m z s ) d e s ig n g r it e r m
R eg io n s o f O p e ra t io n P e r fo rm a n c e : A p e r u s a l o f th e
t h r e e r e g io n s , o f o p e r a t io n a lo n g , w i th t h e c o r r e l a t e d lahora?=
to r y d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e . j u n c t i o n t r a n s i s t o r u se d a s a
s w itc h w i l l p e r fo rm i t s d u t i e s o f "on" and 81 o f f " w i th a h ig h ,
d e g re e o f s u c c e s s ^ , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e " o f f " .r e g io n . I n th e .
"on" r e g i o n s r a t h e r c r i t i c a l v a lu e s o f h i a s i n g p o t e n t i a l s
w e r e ,n e c e s s a r y » H ow eyer9 f o r m ost p r a c t i c a l c i r c u i t t h e
l i m i t a t i o n s ; w ere n o t s e r i o u s = Sad i n th e E c c le s - J o rd a n c i r
c u i t s i t i s n o te d t h a t f o r a l l v a lu e s- t r i e d a r e g e n e r a t io n
to o k p la c e - and th e two s t a b l e s t a t e s w ere m a in ta in e d e
V a r i a t i o n o f T r a n s i s t o r P a r a m e te r s ? . As a f u r t h e r c h ec k
f o r th e d e v e lo p e d d e s ig n e q u a t io n s % a n o th e r s e t o f t r a n s i s -28 't o r s by a n o th e r m a n u fa c tu re r was u s e d i n s e v e r a l o f th e :
c o r r e c t e d and u n c o r r e c te d c i r c u i t s . The r e s u l t s o b ta in e d w ere
a lm o s t i d e n t i c a l w i th th o s e of- t h e o r i g i n a l t r a n s i s to r s ®
I t was p o in te d o u t i n C h a p te r ' I I I . t h a t t h e p a r t i c u l a r
t r a n s i s t o r s m a ll s i g n a l p a r a m e te r s :d e te rm in e t h e c r i t i c a l
m a g n itu d e o f R ^ f o r t h e r e q u i r e d r e g e n e r a t io n t o ta k e p la c e
i n t h e ' a c t i v e reg ion® However5. b e c a u s e th e v a lu e o f Re^
( c r i t i c a l ) i s s m a ll com pared to p r a c t i c a l v a lu e s o f Req$. and
2 8 6 G e n e ra l E l e c t r i c PNP J u n c t io n T r a n s i s t o r s j, ty p e SH45*.
V . . . ; 5 1 o
t h a t open o l r o m i t and s h o r t c i r c u i t c o n d i t io n s a re -a p p ro a c h e d
so w e l l w i th j m c t i o n t r a n s i s t o r s $ t h e v a r i a t i o n among - t r a n s
i s t o r ' p a r a t i e te r s th e m se lv e s a r e i n g e n e ra ls n o t a l im i t in g / :
; ;fa e :to r0. . ■ : - :
B i s t a b l e O p e ra t io n I ' T h is t h e s i s h a s l i m i t e d t h e a n a l y s i s
and d e s ig n to a b a s i c b i s t a b l e ty p e o f c i r c u i t * T h is b a s ic :
d e s ig n c a n b e ' e x te n d e d 9 u s in g t h e sam e e q u a t io n s a s th e y
s ta n d s f o r b o th m o n o s ta b le and a s t a b l e o p e ra tio iio
I t i s f e l t by th e a u th o r t h a t t h e d e s ig n e q u a t io n s a r e :0
s t r a ig h t ~ f o r w a r d 9 and th e m ethod o f d e s ig n i s c l e a r and s h o u ld
y i e l d : good r e s u l t s f o r m any. a p p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e wf l i p - f l o p *1 '
c i r c u i t *
The b a s i c d e s ig n f o r a b i s t a b l e E c c le s - J o rd a n c i r c u i t i s
sum m arized i n T a b le i l l f o r t h e r e a d e r s ' convenience® . ,
52 o
. ■ : T m m ... a m m m ig m D m i w pBOGmuBB
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S t end • ■ ' Remarks- • - - E auatibn .: - |j P ag e [R efe ren ce
\ " I
E s t a b l i s h M a s v o l t a g e s and, c u r r e n t v a lu e s o C hoice: .o f th e s e v a lu e s a r e a r b i t r a r y i f th e s e eq u at i o n s a r e s a t i s f i e d ^
Ekk1 y Ecs> . ^ £.
< I mezs
1 S e l f - e v id e n t
i y
tt '' : ■
- ■
I I
C a lc u la te v a lu e s o f lo a d and b i a s in g r e s i s t a n c e s o
; JU X w L,. • SSo.
36? • .
37*
.% s . ; 37o
...- J* B e t t e r r e s u l t s a r e o b ta in e d i f a 10 - 20%
r : a d ju s tm e n t i s made i n th e r a t i o - o f ;% /R g o 1 6 6| C a lc u la t e Rgg fro m I above v a lu e s o f r e - I s i s t a n c e o 1 . R ,
- m s
I I I , ' C a lc u la te c r i t i c a l v a lu e s o f Reo from t r a n s i s t o r si& ail
j s i g n a l v a lu e So. . \ k ■ SSe
Check f o r r e g e n e r a t io n i n t h e a c t i v e r e g i o n <,
17
C a lc u la t e v a lu e s o f . e a p a c i to r s V a lu e o f Gg i s n o t c r i t i c a l * , 1 C etranSo i s w in te r - e le c t r o d e # c a p a c i ty o f th e t r a n s i s t o r )> • V a lu e o f Cg i s n o t ' c r i t i c a l o
4 V 2 1 c, .
=ya~’ # W hile Gg i s n o t c r i t i c a l ; , th e tim e c o n s t a n t RqCg s h o u ld b e n e g l i g i b l e com pared t o th e p e r io d o f r e p e t i t i o n o f c h an g e s o f s t a t e » i
TBMa-lSfOR PASAMECBRS I I 55CUTOFF" ■
v & ' t r a n s i s t o r i n c u t o f f i s d e f in e d a s th e c o n d i t i o n t h a t
■ e z i s t s when th e e t o i t t e r c u r r e n t i s e q u a l to o r l e s s th a n
2B f Oo • '•
The r e v e r s e c o l l e c t o r c u r r e n t t h a t e x i s t s when th e e m it
t e r i s open c i r c u i t e d i s . i d e n t i f i e d a s Iqqo The r e v e r s e
c u r r e n t th ro u g h th e c o l l e c t o r and e m i t t e r w i th t h e b a s e open
c i r c u i t e d i s i d e n t i f i e d a s I 0 « The l a b o r a to r y t e s t c i r c u i t s
to m easu re t h e s e q u a n t i t i e s a r e g iv e n i n F ig u r e s 1 7 a and 17b
r e s p e c t iv e ly ^ and th e r e s u l t i n g t e s t d a ta i s g iv e n i n T a b le T f t
M. p l o t o f t h e t e s t d a t a i s ’, g iv e n i n G raph I I I a sb and
G raph IVdgb^ I t can b e s e e n fro m th e s e p l o t s t h a t v e ry l i t t l e
e r r o r i s in t r o d u c e d i f th e c u rv e s a r e l i n e a r i z e d so t h a t th e
c u r r e n t may be e x p re s s e d a s I co s I eco. -Y 0 I seo i s t h e■ ; ■ "; . " ■ * ■ ' ' ■■■■■ - d o ■■ /■ ; l
i n t e r c e p t on th e c u r r e n t a x is and r 0 0 . i s th e s lo p e o f th e
: curve» The same ■analysis app lies to I 0 and. th e re fo re i t may. . xr go ■ . ■
be expressed as I 0 ~ 1 80 -ft ,o. : ' ' i . -^do ; . • ■
The t e s t r e s u l t s f o r . t h e v a r i a t i o n a l r e s i s t a n e e s g r ^ ^
and r ^ 0 3 v a ry w id e ly b e tw een t r a n s i s t o r s t e s t e d | t h e s e v a lu e s
ra n g e fro m 85 megohms t o 100 megohms f o r v a lu e s o f r e v e r s e
A r th u r Wo L o3 R ic h a rd 0 = E n d re s 3 Jak o b E aw els 3 F re d Do W ald liau er3 and G hung-C hih Cheng 3 T r a n s i s t o r E le c t r o n i c s * ■
. CEnglewood C l i f f s s P r e n t i c e ~ H a l lg. I n c ® 9 1 9 5 5 ) a p 0 1376
; ' . ' ' " ■ ' ' ' ■ • ; ' ■ .
v o l ta g e b e lo w th e Zener^® breakdow n v o l ta g e o
B ecau se o f th e e x tre m e ly s m a ll v a lu e s o f t h e s e r e v e r s e
c u r r e n t s and b e c a u s e o f th e v a r i a t i o n o f th e s e c u r r e n t s be®
tween, s i m i l a r t r a n s l s t o r s s , th e above a n .a ly s is w ould o n ly b e
r e q u i r e d i n t h e m ost c r i t i c a l c a s e s » ■■
A s i m p l i f i e d a s su m p tio n can b e made' t h a t th e t r a n s i s t o r .
f u n c t i o n s a s a p a s s iv e e le m e n t i f t h e doc® r e s i s t a n c e i s
m easu red n t a s p e c i f i e d v o l ta g e
M easured v a l u e s 'o f th e s e doCo p a s s iv e r e s i s t a n c e s
(B ^ g -a n d /R q^ ) j, .a s ta k e n fro m T a b le I ¥ s g iv e s th e f o l lo w in g ,
r e s u l t s a t a Mm id M s p e c i f i e d r e v e r s e v o l ta g e o f 8 v o l t s s
T r a n s i s to r Noo 1> B-, - . q. ■ 2*9 megohms 'h®H I ... Oo.7xlO
T r a n s i s to r No® S 3 . f Any f o” 6 5 megohms
And th e c o l l e c t o r r e s i s t a n c e i s “
\ : T r a n s i s t o r No d ig S 2^ETo“ 6 s 0 Q 59 megohms
- to a n s ls t t iP Ho. I f f e r o * 6- = 0 . 4 3 a eg o lm s
■It w i l l be n o te d t h a t t h e s e r e s i s t a n c e s a r e th e lo w e s t
ones b e c a u s e 9 f o r t h e c o l l e c t o r e a s e , th e m easu rem en ts w ere
m ade w i th a n open b a s e t e r m i n a l »
3 0 ° Abraham C oblenz: and H arry Owens3 T r a n s i s t o r s gT heory an d A p p lic a tio n s® (New Y orks . M e& raw -H ill Book Go®$1 9 5 5 )8 A ppend ix I I I g p 0 280& .
Bo L » W ooley3 " T e s t in g P o i n t - C o n t a c t : T r a n s i s t o r s ' f o r P u ls e A p p l i c a t i o n s M s T ran s 0 . AoJoE0E-c,g Vol® 7 3 9 No® 1 1 8 (Nov o. 19o 4 ) 9 p o 982o ~ ,■ ■ . -
550.
: ; ' TiBIiE I? s . v -
.TRANSISTOR PARAIvETERS I I CUTOFF": Type XKL CMotorol&O : ' " ' . > ■
- - • ■ -----.. " . . .. ...ft . - .......... - •... . . .... . .......... . _’
R e fe r to F ig u re 17a R e fe r t o F ig u re 17b
0 0 I: : ■T ra n s » 1 T rans * 2 ip p :L ied T r a n s e 1 T ranso 2.. , /ti.a o. yW.a. V o lta g e y44.ae yM.a.
0 0 0 0 0. Oc.5 0 . 6 o,a 2 . 8 3 .2
0 o6 0 * 8 0 .4 3 .4 . ■ 4 .50 .7 0 .9 . 1 . 0 3 .4 , ' 4 .6
■ 0 a7 1 . 0 2 . 0 : ; 3 .4 4 .7 ' ;0 .7 1 . 0 : 5 .0 3 .4 - 5 .10 o8 1 . 0 1 0 ,,0 . . 3 .5 5 .80 .9 1 . 0 . 1 5 .0 : 3 .8 6 .3
■ • loO 1 . 0 • 1 6 .0 4 .2 6 .4. 1 . 0 1 . 0 17,,0 ■ 4 .6 6 . 6
1 . 0 1 . 0 ' 1 8 .0 ' 5 .8 6 . 81 . 2 loO 19,,0 . 7 .7 7 .01*5 1 . 0 : 2 0 . 0 9 .9 . 7 .2 '
. 2 . 0 1 . 1 • 2 1 . 0 1 3 .1 7^32 .5 ■ 1 . 1 . , 2 2 . 0 . 1 7 .6 7 .63 . 2 1 . 2 2 3 .0 2 1 .5 8 . 0 .4*0 . 1 . 2 ■ ' 2 4 .0 2 8 .0 8 . 25 .0 1 . 2
■ . ' - ■• 2 5 c,0 3 5 .2
-L«==--—™, ■!_ J . _ _ . S1
56
O PE N
o ~
TE3T CIRCUIT FOR
yiOUKK 17*
TEST CIRCUIT FOR I,
FIGURE 17b
15-
U1
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5 +
0
TRANS!STCR - Ii
I ■
Ml vRD'A M P Ek ESI I 2
MICRO-AMPERES
c m w I 00 CHARACTERISTICS FOR TYPE XL'l (IX'TOBOU) JUHCTICN TRANSISTORS
GRAPH n i a , b3
TRANSISTO R - 1 R AN iS !S TC R -E
k -S L O P E
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GRAPH nT3,b
% 1 1 1 ' i s 'o le a r t h a t th e c u t o f f dondie=
t i o n s r o r •Region 1 ■ o p e ra tio n ^ c a n "be c o n s id e re d a s an open
- c i r c u i t com pared t o o th e r c i r c u i t p a ra m e te r s i n m ost p r a c t i c a l
; a p p l i c a t i o n s V - ■; ;
38 * I t i s th e sum o f HW » and p w h ic h i s th e q u a n t i t y o f i n t e r e s t . : ^ '”R V ■
5 Or,
\ . ' TMHS1ST0R P&11METSR3 IM;■ SMUMTIOH .
; : ;■ ..D u ring R eg ion I I I o p e r a t io n i t i s assum ed t h a t th e t
e q u iv a le n t c i r c u i t i s p a s s iv e and c a n be r e p r e s e n te d by a
' s im p le t h r e e t e r m in a l n e tw o rk s , ,
The fo rw a rd r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e e m i t t e r - i s essen-»
' t i a l i y t h a t o f a s im p le d io d e i n s e r i e s -with t h e s a t u r a t e d '
b a s e r e s i s t a n c e ( R ^ s R ^ n 4~ % ) o T h is r e s i s t a n c e can be '
. r e p r e s e n te d by t h e r a t i o o f v o l t a g e and c u r r e n t o f th e i n p u t
s t a t i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c u ry eo v
. The r a t i o o f v o l t a g e and c u r r e n t o f th e o u tp u t s t a t i c
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c u rv e s f o r v e ry low v a lu e s o f c o l l e c t o r v o l t -
:a g e 9 i s e s s e n t i a l l y t h e fo rw a rd f e s i s t a n c e o f t h e - c o l l e c t o r
a s a .s im p le d io d e i n s e r i e s w i th t h e s a t u r a t e d b a s e r e s i s t* - .
I t w i l l be n o te d t h a t t h e a c t u a l c u r r e n t d i r e c t i o n
th ro u g h th e b a s e r e s i s t a n c e re m a in s th e same w h e th e r th e
t r a n s i s t o r i s i n th e a c t i v e r e g io n o r th e s a t u r a t e d r e g io n ^ -
and t h a t t h i s c u r r e n t d o es n o t u n d e rg o a l a r g e change u n t i l
a f t e r th e ‘’knee® o f t h e s a t u r a t i o n c u rv e i s p a s se d '; t h e r e f o r e s •
i t w i l l b e assum ed t h a t th e v a r i a t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e t,r ^ fi i s
Ho Lo floo ley^ : el T e s t in g P o in t " C o n ta c t T r a n s i s t o r s ' f o r P u ls e i p p l iC a t io n S g 1' T ra n s 0 :A»I <,E iE a s Tol®. 7 3 , Ho» l l a l o v , 1 9 5 4 s po 983» ..
. ; ; , ■ - { : - . : 6 i 0 ;
e s s e n t i a l l y , e q u a l t o : i t s d 0c» y a l u s B go; . = ; -
The in p u t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w ere m easu red i n t h e l a b o r a
to r y by th e c i r c a i t a rra n g e m e n t a s shewn i h F ig u re (1 8 )» The
r e s u l t s o b ta in e d f r o m ' th e s e m easu rem en ts a r e g iv e n i n T ab le ¥
a n d - p lo t t e d i n G raphs I ¥ a 3b and G raphs ¥ a sb e ..
. The r a t i o o f v o l t a g e and c u r r e n t o f t h e s e g ra p h s i n d i c a t e
t h a t t h e fo rw a rd c o n d u c tio n r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e e m i t t e r and
b a s e (Bgr-g. 4 -R g) a v e ra g e 150 ohms (— 150) f o r th e :
two t r a n s i s t o r s t e s t e d f o r an assum ed s a t u r a t i o n c u r r e n t o f
2 m3ao ■ - ■ ! '
S in c e t h e 'b a s e r e s i s t a n c e ’’rg*’ i s o f t h e same o rd e r o f
■m agnitude (m easu red l a b o r a to r y v a lu e was 145 ohms3 . se e Appen
d ix I I I ) a s t h e sum o f t h e i n p u t r e s i s t a n c e s ^ i t
, i s c l e a r t h a t w h ich i s th e d i f f e r e n c e s , i s n e g l i g i b l e a s
com pared t o o th e r c i r c u i t p a ra m e te rs o
I t w i l l , b e n o te d fro m G raphs V la 3b t h a t s i m i l a r r e s u l t s
a r e o b ta in e d f o r t h e fo rw a rd , r e s i s t a n c e o f th e c o l l e c t o r an d
b a s e (Bqup 4 - Rg) 3 t h e r e f o r e . th e fo rw a rd r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e c o l
l e c t o r c a n a l s o b e c o n s id e r e d to be n e g l i g i b l e a s com pared to
o th e r c i r c u i t p a ra m e te rs o
SATORi.I10If RBSISTAIGE ISEASIBBIENTS
. GmREPJT v (moBo).
: / WOLTMm ' ' 4 T r a n s i s t o r I o 0 32 •
( v o l t s )■ . : ’ . ■■■ .
. ■ ' VOLTAGE T r a n s i s t o r l o 0 8
( v o l t s ) ■1 . A - : ' ’ . - - - > ' .. ,
OoO0«.51»0lo 5 2^0 Bo 5
- SoO: 3 o 5 ':/: - / ;
4 o0: : ' - ■ 4o5 . :. ' : 5 o0 . - »
:: OoO0 o l9 0OoBSS 0©286
' 0o312 .0* 335 ■
2 Oe357 : 0o373 ■ .
- 0o390 0 o405 0o420
...- _ ' ..... .■ : .2.
OoO 0 o l9 0 0o232. ' 0<,863 0 o286 0o308 0o327 Oo 342 0o357 0 o3 7 0 2 - 0o380
': : / '■ : ' - See E r a p h . '; . ' ' ‘
' : : GGhLECECB AID BASE, EESISEAICE / : : - (5q»p 4- % ) : _
G u m m i . ; ■ v( B o } - '
70LTSGE : " T r a n s i s t o r .IfOo 1
■ : ( v o l t s ) .
VOLTAGE '' T r a n s i s t o r . Ho <> 8
( v o l t s )
' OoO ■■ ': . 0o5 ' loO ' ■, 1V5-
SoOB»53o0
; 3o5: V 4«0- . .V-- :
■ 4o5 ' : : 5 W0 • i
• OoO . : : : ,0o l95 .0o2400o275 .0 o3020o323 ■0 o342 QoSeo Go 37 6 0 o3900o401 ' . .
: OoO0 * 1 8 70o788 0 i2 5 8 : . 0 S 882 Oo302 . 0o320 0o336
. 0o350 0 o363 0o375
See G raph V la^h
VO
LT
S
RAN S I S " O R - I
o
= 2 MA
0.1
9 4O4U(L ^ILLIAVPERES
FOHV/ARD hSSISTANCS CHARA^r^I8?TCS 'POb TYFE XN1 ()KTCkOLA) JUIjCTlUK TRANSISTORSGRAPH Va,b
001
< n
T R A N S I S T O R - I0.5-
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P A N S iS -T O R - H
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6-0 39 4 5
V I .L IA M P E R E S
POiiWA^ TTSISTANCZ 10:: TYrK X ri (^arORCLA) JU!jCT:0% T W IolSrO kS
• . ' ' : V la ,bo
o
TriST ClkC'JIT
FICilikR 18a
OPL
T% T CIRCUIT FOR ( R ^ / R g )
FIGURE ip b
66 a
IX Iv . ;
■ : • ; - : ; ■ mmJL*. SI01AL: fRAimiSIQB PiBAIIETERS , ,
A p l o t o f th e s t a t i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c u rv e f o r th e t r a n s
i s t o r s u s e d i n t h i s a n a l y s i s i s : g iv e n i n G raph Y 1 I0 T hese
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a g re e q u i t e c l o s e l y -with th e s t a t i c c u rv e s
iu r n is h e d . .hy th e m a n u fa c tu re ro >/ ' .
F rp tt th e p l b t s v o f ; t h e c u r v e s 8 t h e sm a ll s i g n a l p a r a - .
m e te rs may "be o b ta in e d by d e te rm in in g th e s lo p e s o f th e. . ■ ' - -■ 3 4 ■ " •v a r io u s c u rv e s a t th e d e s i r e d b i a s v a lu e s o
S lo p e o f ¥ e v s I e c u rv e f o r I q s c o n s ta n t?
, z - _ / ■ ’ ""■ " \ / - -b ■ .
H ope o f Ve v s l c c u rv e f o r I c 5 c o n s ta n t '
/ V _ ^ ■ 1 .. ^ ™ i a ^ fe. - • .. ■ - :
S lo p e o f 7q- v s l e . c u rv e - f o r s c o n s ta n t s \
S lo p e o f Tc v s I c c u rv e f o r «•_ c o n s t a n t I
r* * ~ l T u j = n + t ; ' :
tA n o th e r m ethod o f o h ta in in g t h e s e ;sm a ll s i g n a l p a ra m e te r s
i s hy.: d i r e c t m easu rem en t o f t h e v a r i a t i o n a l q u a n t i t i e s ^ T h ese
.B ic h a rd Fh S h e a s P r i n c i p l e s o f T r a n s i s t o r C i r c u i t s (Hew Y o rk : Jo h n W iley and SonsJ 1953)V p « 3 8 o . ' ' p -
d
V a r i a t i o n a l q u a n t i t i e s may b e re p re s e n te d , a s s m a ll s ig n a l- :
alC o v a lu e s t h a t a r e b ia s e d , a t t h e i r q u ie s c e n t p o i n t s by a n ,....
a u x i l i a r y d»Oo b i a s i n g - c i r c u i t * A p r a c t i c a l b i a s i n g c i r c u i t; ' e ■' - ' ' " . - ' : : '' -
i s g iv e n i n F ig u re (1 9 )* '. , -
F o r a c t u a l m easu rem en t o f - th e . v a r io u s p a ra m e te r s i t ' w i l l
h e n o te d t h a t i n th e c i r c u i t o f F ig u re ( 1 9 ) 9 i t would b e
d i f f i c u l t , to m ea su re ® sh o rt c i r c u i t 38 a®e* r e s i s t a n c e on th e
e m i t t e r s id e b e c a u se o f th e r e l a t i v e l y low i n t e r n a l v a lu e s o f
th e e m i t t e r . r e s i s t a n c e i t s e l f » And i t w ould b e d i f f i c u l t t o
o b ta in an- "o p en c i r c u i t ^ on th e . c o l l e c t o r s i d e b e c a u s e o f t h e
■high i n t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e " o f t h e c o l l e c t o r o B e c a u se o f th e s e
r e a s o n s 3 t h e h y b r id p a ra m e te r s w ould seem t o b e t h e l o g i c a l
ones to measure® - .
T hese h y b r id p a ra m e te r s a r e d e f in e d by. th e f o l lo w in g '
T he a c t u a l v a lu e s . o f th e s e 'p a ra m e te rs can b e d e te rm in e d b y
th e . sm a ll s i g n a l aoC® '’o p en 85 and 11 s h o r t 8 c i r c u i t t e s t a s i n -■ ■ ... ^-go / • ‘ ■ ■ -d i c a te d i n F ig u r e (BO)♦ ;
\ Ibid® p®. 4 8 8 ^ ' - . v -
Abraham, dob lenz : and H a rry 1® Owens, T r a n s i s t o r s ® T heory and ^ A p p lica tio n s® ( le w Y orks H cG raw -H lll Book Company^.in c T T T T o sH T T ^ v lI^ o ' ■
Ib id® p.o 183* - : .
' ' . ■ v :.: ; ' ' ' ' ■ : . . . . : . 6 8 0 .
From th e s e jb y b rid p a ra m e te r s a t r a n s f o r m a t io n c an t e made to
t h e f a m i l i a r s m a ll s i g n a l ' r e s i s t a n c e s :3 9 •' ■
11 “ m , ; . K „ k,6 2»
I; ; - m z 'V. . .
/ G o n v erted r e s i s t i i r e v a lu e s w ere f o m d hy u s e o f th e
above e q u a t io n s and a r e sum m arized i n T ab le V I0 : .
I t w il3 .;b e n o te d i n t h e t a b l e o f r e s u l t s t h a t t h e V a lu es
•o b ta in e d f o r t h e p a ra m e te rs ;, on th e c o l l e c t o r s i d e 9 r Q and r m§
a r e , c o n s id e r a b ly lo w e r th a n e x p e c te d * T h ese :.two m easu red :
v a lu e s w i l l b e c o n s id e r e d i n e r r o r " and. th e m a n u fa c tu re r s '
s p e c i f i c a t i o n s w i l l be u s e d when n e e d e d c
39, I b i d 09 Appendix: .Ig p.c ’ 271 e
A l a r g e e r r o r , i s I n t r o d u c e d i n m e a su rin g th e sm a ll s i g n a l a* cv . in p u t t o t h e e x tre m e ly h ig h im pedance c o l l e c t o r c i r c u i t w here a :d»c* b i a s m u s t b e m a in ta in e d 8' u n le s s s p e c i a l l a b o r a to r y eq u ip m en t i s a v a i l a b l e o
69^
. ■ \ ’ i r i 0: : -
' : ' . SHALL. SIGNAL TBA1SIST0R PARAHETERS;
'. Type X l l (M o to ro la 1) ; : , \
- m m s m # v a t m s , ■:(B.efer' t o c i r c u i t d iag ran ig F ig u re . 2 0 )
. F ig u re ( a ) F ig u re (h ) '
: OoOie: v o l t s
. . . ij s ' : m0 a o
■v.: K«*. 50 ■ ohms
s b<>034 v o l t s : :
e ' : O0O0 0 4 4 / ; : v
F ig u re (c ) ,: 1 V . - :
-F ig u re (d ).. —— ~ "T—- H
Ij ” 0 o2 m«a<>> ■- ■ • . 1 ' . ' - - „
. t ® OolS m.</9.o ■
: ^ = 0 ^ : :, : . A : ;...: . ' - , : ■ ' ' ' ■ :
^ 9*2 v o l t s
i a ” 0o5 m*Bo .
. Oo OOOOO3: mhos - -\ : ■
C OBYEE™. SKULL SIGHSL RESISIAHCE PffiSIBFBRS
.P a r a m e te r ' M easured V a lu e s ^ M a n u fa c tu re r8 s V a lu e s
: - ; ■
^ :
. 35 ohmsi ■
145 : ;st
ssSgOdo4 -
300a 0 0 0 ^ »
2 0 - 50 ohms
100 - 300 ohms '
.. • 1 - 3 megohms ,
* See t e z t j p a g e 6 8 0
Univ. o f Arizona Librasy
P N P- o
DC BlAalLU CIRCUIT AivkAKCTKCNT
To siiti’.il&t<5 c o n s ta n t e m i t t e r c u r r e n t , sh o u ld be hi xh.F o r small e r r o r to an au in p u t and o u tp u t c i r c u i t th e following c o n d i t io n s should be met: X ^ » r ' i where r ^ r ^ r b C l - ^ , 1,
X ^ » X^21 and r c>> Xq2 *
FluUr.b 19
(A ) ( B )
CO ( D )
CH GV rr GCNNBCTIUN FOR MEASURING HYBRID PARAkETKkS
FIGURE 20
soix
sT'm
orp'
Ho
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mw
EXPANDED5CALE COLL.ECTOR V O L T S|v> rv rv fv ro
CD ooro Oo
— 2.1 MA
%2 = 4 MA
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to
73 *
S0LUT10H OF DESIGN TUITIONS
The r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f th e v a r io u s v o l ta g e s and c u r r e n t s
i n th e E c c la s - J o rd a n c i r c u i t c a n b e g iv e n by e q u a t io n s 1 "4
( s e e p ag e 36)2 " :
' f KCC ~ It
C3)
A s o l u t i o n o f t h e s e e q u a t io n s f o r t h e v a r io u s r e s i s t a n c e s
i n te rm s o f th e v o l ta g e s and c u r r e n t c an b e g iv e n a s f o l lo w s :
K L im in a tih g % f r o m . (3): by u s e o f (B) and s o lv in g f o r i n
te rm s ' o f I t s e l f s : ' ' ■-: - i '
(a;> £ „ „ = - ( r ^ r J i , '* * * * _ : A =Ec<;-Em '
74*
And. .so lv in g (4 ) f o r Rg i.n te rm s o f i t s e l f : .
w here
,a l s o s . s o lv in g (1 ) f o r Rg:
(c ) ' ’R ^ —'4
t h e n 9 fro m ( a ) and.
. - R*.
o r s o l v i h g f o r
w here
c a n - h e :w r i t t e n a s :
RtfBet - E
. (d)-Ms
and :f rohl Ch) and' I e ) s
o r s o lv in g f o r HgS
( e )
E q u a tio n s (d ) and ( e ) oan .now" h e e q u a te d I
. ' 1and s o lv i in i f o r S i
: R = i ;s u h s 't f t u t i n g i n th e a c t u a l q u a n t i t i e s " fo r and G °- ■ - ' ' ' ■ ' '* ■ _
Ec# - E
w h ich s i m p l i f i e s t o I
' K .. i s e ; ^ (5)
then solving Cd) in a similar manners
% (7 )
U sing th e above r e s u l t s e q u a t i o n ( c ) c a n no?/ h e fo u n d :
E’&o E f Eea.lC " £ fecr I - £ && E.tE«©) ^ E|HK J-; I s, E
BIBLIOG-HAFEI
S o u rc e s C i t e d
BODES
C oblenz s Abraham: - and B a rry Bo. Oviens, T r a n s i s to r s . : T heory and i n p l l c a t i o n s o ■ New Y orks M cG raw -H ill Book Co** 1955* -300pp o • . - '
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Bo* A r th u r Wos> R ic h a rd 0 o E n d re s 9 Jak o b E a w e ls , B red B# W ald- hauer* and G huny-C hih C heng, T r a n s i s to r E l e c t r o n i c s o Englew ood C l i f f s s P r en t i c e - H a l l s Inc* * 1 '9553. 508 p p 0 .■
M a r t in 8 Thomas Lo % B l t r a h ig h F re q u en c y E n g in e e r in g :ale w Y orks P r e n t i c e - E a l l* In co 9 1950o
M a r t in a Thomas B», J f g9 E le c t r o n ic C i r c u i t s le w Y orks'P r e n t ic e - .H a l l s I n c * * 1955 * 707 p p 0
Shea* ' R ic h a rd F e s P r i n c i n l e s o f T f a n s i s t 'o r C i r c u i t s &■ le w Y orks Jo h n W iley , and Sons* 1953® ";
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BIBLIOGRAPHY- R - , ' :
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• PERIODICAL' ARIIGBES J . ' / ' i •
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, PUBLICATIONS OF LEARIM) SOCIETIES .. ' : :
G O n m itte e :R e p o r t3 J o i n t A» 1«E«E.»= 1 9R 0E» '3 ^ P ro p o sed M ethods o f T e s t in g T r a n s i s t o r s , 88 G o m n u n lca tio n and E le c t r o n ic s ^ - B im o n th ly P u h l i 'c a t io n s o f O f f i c i a l l y - A p p ro v e d : &»I»E«E^ .
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