The Earth and Its Peoples 3 rd edition Chapter 32 The Cold War and Decolonization, 1945-1975 Cover...

The Earth and Its Peoples

3rd edition

Chapter 32

The Cold War and Decolonization,

1945-1975

Cover Slide

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Antiwar rallyDivisions over the Vietnam War ran deep in the United States. Antiwar protesters captured the public's attention, but anti-Vietcong demonstrations like this one spoke for many Americans. Opinion polls showed that fewer than 20 percent of Americans supported withdrawal from Vietnam until after the November 1968 elections, by which time the decision to get out had been made. (Burt Glinn/Magnum Photos)

Antiwar rally


Ban the BombAs nuclear tension escalated during the 1950s, some built air-raid shelters; others took to the streets in antinuclear protests. The Ban-the-Bomb movement was especially prominent in Britain, where the noted philosopher Bertrand Russell (1877-1970) played a central role. Here, seated at right, he awaits arrest during a sit-in demonstration outside the British Defense Ministry. (Hulton Archive/Getty Images)

Ban the Bomb


Big Three at YaltaWith victory over Nazi Germany assured, the leaders of the Soviet Union, Britain, and the United States (Stalin, Winston Churchill, and Franklin D. Roosevelt) were in reasonable spirits (though Roosevelt was ailing) when they met at Yalta, a Black Sea resort in the Soviet Union, in February 1945. Important sources of friction among them were evident at the meeting, but the differences that led to the Cold War did not seem paramount at this point. The Yalta conference proved to be the last meeting of the three leaders. (F.D.R. Library)

Big Three at Yalta


Chinese Cultural RevolutionDuring the Cultural Revolution, the Red Guards and other Chinese militants roamed China's cities, looking for enemies of Chairman Mao. This 1967 photo shows an official, accused of being an antirevolutionary, who has been forced to wear a dunce's cap detailing his crimes against the people. Many officials and intellectuals were paraded and beaten by the Red Guards. (Wide World Photos)

Chinese Cultural Revolution


Cold War confrontation, 1959U.S. vice president Richard M. Nixon and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushshev had a heated exchange of views during Nixon's visit to a Moscow trade fair in 1959. Two years earlier, the Soviet Union had launched the world's first space satellite. (Seymour Raskin/Magnum Photos)

Cold War confrontation, 1959


Cuban missile crisis The October 29 meeting of the "ExComm," or Executive Committee (the only meeting to be photographed). To President Kennedy's immediate right is Secretary of State Dean Rusk; to his left (in front of the Presidential Seal on the wall) is Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. Presidential adviser Theodore Sorensen (on near side, third from right), later wrote: "I saw first-hand how brutally physical and mental fatigue can numb the good sense as well as the senses of normally articulate men." (Kennedy Library)

Cuban missile crisis


Fidel Castro returns to HavanaIn 1959, Fidel Castro, the lawyer leader of the rebels who forced Cuba's corrupt ruler Fulgencio Batista to flee the country, created a new regime in Cuba, along with his brother Raoul Castro and Ernesto "Che" Guevara. The triumph of Castro and Cuba's revolutionaries led to dramatic changes in the economy and society and to confrontation with the United States. (Corbis)

Fidel Castro returns to Havana


Hungarian Revolution, 1956By mid-1956 the Hungarian Imre Nagy (1896-1958) had taken advantage of the liberalizing atmosphere to begin dismantling collective farms and to move toward a multi-party political system in Hungary. The Soviets used tanks to crush the Hungarian reform movement. Thousands of Hungarians were killed during the fighting or subsequently executed, and 200,000 Hungarians fled to the west. Here we see members of the insurrection destroying Soviet propaganda material and portraits of Stalin, in Koeztarsasag Square, Budapest. (Erich Lessing/Magnum Photos)

Hungarian Revolution, 1956


Martin Luther King, Jr.The March on Washington, August 1963, marked a dramatic climax in the civil rights struggle. More than 200,000 people gathered at the Lincoln Memorial to hear the young Martin Luther King, Jr., deliver his greatest address, the "I have a dream" speech. (TimePix/Getty Images)

Martin Luther King, Jr.


Sartre and de BeauvoirAmong the most influential intellectual couples of the century, Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) and Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986) emerged as leaders of French existentialism by the later 1940s. They had begun a lifetime friendship after de Beauvoir had completed her studies at the Sorbonne in Paris. Sartre had been involved in the French resistance during World War II and was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1964. He was largely responsible for our image of the postwar French intellectual. De Beauvoir's famous work The Second Sex delved deep into the history of woman's oppression. (Giansanti/Corbis Sygma)

Sartre and de Beauvoir


Saudi richesEnormous oil reserves make Saudi Arabia one of the most influential members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and give it one of the world's highest per capita incomes. Oil has also made rich men of Prince Fahd and King Khalid, shown here considering plans for a new urban development. (Robert Azzi/Woodfin Camp & Associates)

Saudi riches


Soviets in CzechoslovakiaSoviet leaders moved tanks into Prague in August 1968 and ended the widely admired reform movement taking place in Czechoslovakia. Though there were protests, as shown here on August 20, the outcome was a foregone conclusion once the Soviets decided to intervene. Although life soon returned to "normal" in the Czechoslovak capital, the ending of the Prague Spring proved a watershed for the fate of communism in Europe. (Josef Kondelka/Magnum Photos)

Soviets in Czechoslovakia


Student rebellion, ParisThese rock-throwing students in the Latin Quarter of Paris are trying to force education reforms and even to topple de Gaulle's government. Throughout May of 1968 students clashed repeatedly with France's tough riot police in bloody street fighting. De Gaulle remained in power, but a major reform of French education did follow. (Bruno Barbey/Magnum Photos)

Student rebellion, Paris


The BeatlesThe older generation often saw sexual license and immorality in the Beatles' frank lyrics and suggestive style. But, in comparison with all that came after them in the world of pop music, the Beatles were sentimental and wholesome. (John Zimmerman/Camera Press/Retna Ltd.)

The Beatles


Vietnamese at warPresident John F. Kennedy (r. 1961-1963) feared that a communist victory of the North Vietnamese Viet Cong against the noncommunist government of South Vietnam would encourage communist movements throughout Southeast Asia and alter the Cold War balance of power. After his assassination, his successor, Lyndon Johnson, gained support from Congress for unlimited expansion of U.S. military deployment. Americans and South Vietnamese troops burned many villages (as we see in this photo) to deprive the enemy of civilian refuges. This policy undermined support for the South Vietnamese government in the countryside. Nothing the Americans tried succeeded in stopping the Viet Cong guerrillas and their North Vietnamese allies. (Dana Stone/stockphoto.com)

Vietnamese at war


Map: Cold War Confrontation

Cold War ConfrontationA polar projection is shown on this map because Soviet and U.S. strategists planned to attack one another by missile in the polar region, hence the Canadian-American radar lines. Military installations along the southern border of the Soviet Union were directed primarily at China. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


Map: Europe After the Second World War

Europe After the Second World WarMillions of refugees fled westward because of war and territorial changes. The Soviet Union and Poland took land from Germany, which the Allies partitioned into occupation zones. Those zones subsequently formed the basis of the East and West German states, as the iron curtain fell to divide both Germany and Europe. Austria was detached from Germany, but the Soviets subsequently permitted Austria to reunify as a neutral state. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


Map: Middle East Oil and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1947-1973

Middle East Oil and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1947-1973Oil resources were long controlled by private European and American companies. In the 1960s most countries, guided by OPEC, negotiated agreements for sharing control, leading eventually to national ownership. This set the stage for the use of oil as a weapon in the Arab-Israeli war of 1973 and for the succeeding oil price increases. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


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