The EarlyCold War:1947-1990

The EarlyCold War:1947-1990

Part I:

“Reconstruction &

Confrontation”

Part I:

“Reconstruction &

Confrontation”

The Ideological StruggleThe Ideological StruggleSoviet &

Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron

Curtain”]

US & the Western

Democracies

GOAL spread world-wide Communism

GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan]

METHODOLOGIES:

Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]

Arms Race [nuclear escalation]

Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy] “proxy wars”

Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”

From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an the Adriatic, an iron curtainiron curtain has descended has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

Post-War GermanyPost-War Germany

Berlin Blockade & Airlift Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)(1948-49)

Truman Doctrine [1947]Truman Doctrine [1947]

1.1. Civil War in Greece.Civil War in Greece.

2.2. Turkey under pressure from the Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles.Dardanelles.

3.3. The U. S. should support free The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.destinies in their own way.

4.4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.$400 million in aid.

Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]

1.1. ““European Recovery European Recovery Program.”Program.”

2.2. Secretary of State, Secretary of State, George MarshallGeorge Marshall

3.3. The U. S. should provide The U. S. should provide aid to aid to allall European nations European nations that need it. This move that need it. This move is not against any country or is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.poverty, desperation, and chaos.

4.4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].& USSR, [but this was rejected].

The Arms Race:The Arms Race:A “Missile Gap?”A “Missile Gap?”

} The Soviet The Soviet Union Union exploded its exploded its first A-bomb in first A-bomb in 1949.1949.

} Now there Now there were two were two nuclear nuclear superpowers!superpowers!

NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization (1949)rganization (1949)

United StatesUnited States

BelgiumBelgium

BritainBritain

CanadaCanada

DenmarkDenmark

FranceFrance

IcelandIceland

ItalyItaly

LuxemburgLuxemburg

NetherlandsNetherlands

NorwayNorway

PortugalPortugal

1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey

1955: West 1955: West GermanyGermany

1983: Spain1983: Spain

Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)

} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.

} AlbaniaAlbania

} BulgariaBulgaria

} CzechoslovakCzechoslovakiaia

} East East GermanyGermany

} HungaryHungary

} PolandPoland

} RumaniaRumania

Premier Nikita Premier Nikita KhrushchevKhrushchev

About the capitalist About the capitalist states, it doesn't states, it doesn't depend on you depend on you whether we whether we (Soviet Union) exist.(Soviet Union) exist.If you don't like us, If you don't like us, don't accept our don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvitations, and don'tinvite us to come invite us to come to see you. Whether to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on you like it our not, history is on our side. our side. We will bury youWe will bury you. -- . -- 19561956

De-Stalinization De-Stalinization ProgramProgram

An Historic Irony: Sergei An Historic Irony: Sergei Khrushchev, American Khrushchev, American

CitizenCitizen

Who buried who?Who buried who?

Mao’s Revolution: 1949Mao’s Revolution: 1949

Who lost China? – A 2Who lost China? – A 2ndnd }} Power!Power!

The Korean War: A The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-“Police Action” (1950-

1953)1953)

Syngman RheeSyngman Rhee

Kim Il-SungKim Il-Sung

““Domino Theory”Domino Theory”

The Suez Crisis: 1956-The Suez Crisis: 1956-19571957

Radio Free Europe/Radio Radio Free Europe/Radio LibertyLiberty

The Hungarian Uprising: The Hungarian Uprising: 19561956

Imre Nagy, Imre Nagy, HungarianHungarian

Prime MinisterPrime Minister} Promised free Promised free

elections.elections.

} This could lead to This could lead to the end of the end of communist rule in communist rule in Hungary.Hungary.

Sputnik I (1957)Sputnik I (1957)

The Russians have beaten America The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the in space—they have the

technological edge!technological edge!

Nixon-KhrushchevNixon-Khrushchev““Kitchen Debate””

(1959)(1959)

Cold War ---> Cold War --->

TensionsTensions

<--- Technology <--- Technology

& Affluence & Affluence

U-2 Spy Incident (1960)U-2 Spy Incident (1960)

Col. Francis Gary Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was Powers’ plane was

shot down over shot down over Soviet airspace.Soviet airspace.

Paris, 1961Paris, 1961

Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev

thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.and can be rolled.

The Berlin Wall Goes Up The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)(1961)

CheckpoinCheckpointt

CharlieCharlie

Ich bin ein Ich bin ein Berliner!Berliner!

(1963)(1963)

President President Kennedy tells Kennedy tells Berliners that Berliners that

the West is the West is with them!with them!

Khruschev Embraces Khruschev Embraces Castro,Castro,19611961

Bay of Pigs Debacle Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)(1961)

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!Russians, and the other man blinked!

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

Vietnam War: 1965-1973Vietnam War: 1965-1973

““Prague Spring” (1968)Prague Spring” (1968)

Former Czech President, Former Czech President, Alexander DubčekAlexander Dubček

Communism with a human Communism with a human face!face!

““Prague Spring” Dashed!Prague Spring” Dashed!

Dissidents/playwrights arrested [like Dissidents/playwrights arrested [like Vaclav HavelVaclav Havel—future president of a —future president of a

free free Czech RepublicCzech Republic].].

44thth French Republic: 1945- French Republic: 1945-19581958

1.1. Democratic, but politically Democratic, but politically unstable unstable [27 governments!][27 governments!]

2.2. Universal suffrage.Universal suffrage.

3.3. Weak President; powerful Weak President; powerful legislaturelegislature

4.4. Many political parties [coalition Many political parties [coalition governments]governments]

5.5. Failure to gracefully leave Failure to gracefully leave Indochina.Indochina.

6.6. Botched the Suez War.Botched the Suez War.

7.7. Failed to settle the Algerian Failed to settle the Algerian Crisis.Crisis.

55thth French Republic French Republic(1958-Present)(1958-Present)

1.1. Powerful President.Powerful President.* first: * first: Charles Charles DeGaulle DeGaulle

2.2. Weak Cabinet.Weak Cabinet.

3.3. Weakened Weakened legislature.legislature.

4.4. Separation of Separation of powers.powers.

DeGaulle’s AchievementsDeGaulle’s Achievements1.1. Settled the Algerian Settled the Algerian

Crisis.Crisis.

2.2. Made France a Made France a nuclear power.nuclear power.

3.3. Sustained general Sustained general prosperity.prosperity.

4.4. Maintained a stable, Maintained a stable,

democratic democratic government.government.

5.5. Made France more Made France more politically politically independent.independent.

BUT, late ’60s student unrest and social BUT, late ’60s student unrest and social changes challenged him. In 1968 he changes challenged him. In 1968 he resigned & died of a heart attack in resigned & died of a heart attack in

1970.1970.

Student Riots in ParisStudent Riots in Paris(May, 1968)(May, 1968)

Clement Attlee & the Labor Clement Attlee & the Labor Party: 1945-1951Party: 1945-1951

1.1. Limited socialist programLimited socialist program[modern welfare state].[modern welfare state].

Natl. Insurance ActNatl. Insurance Act

Natl. Health Service Natl. Health Service ActAct

2.2. Nationalized coal mines, Nationalized coal mines, public utilities, steel public utilities, steel industry, the Bank of industry, the Bank of England, RRs, motor England, RRs, motor transportation, and aviation. transportation, and aviation.

3.3. Social insurance legislation: Social insurance legislation: “Cradle-to-“Cradle-to-Grave” securityGrave” security..

4.4. Socialized medicine Socialized medicine free national free national health care.health care.

Clement Attlee & the Labor Clement Attlee & the Labor Party: 1945-1951Party: 1945-1951

6.6. Britain is in a big debt!Britain is in a big debt!

7.7. The beginning of the end of the The beginning of the end of the British Empire.British Empire.

India – 1947India – 1947

Palestine – 1948Palestine – 1948

Kenya Kenya Mau Mau Mau Mau uprising - 1955uprising - 1955

Churchill Returns: 1951-Churchill Returns: 1951-19551955

He never really He never really tried to destroy tried to destroy

the “welfare the “welfare state” state”

established by established by Attlee’s Attlee’s

government.government.

The Federated RepublicThe Federated Republicof Germanyof Germany

1.1. Created in 1949 withCreated in 1949 withthe capital at Bonn.the capital at Bonn.

2.2. Its army limited toIts army limited to12 divisions [275,000].12 divisions [275,000].

3.3. Konrad Adenauer, aKonrad Adenauer, aChristian Democrat,Christian Democrat,was its 1was its 1stst President. President.

Coalition of moderates and Coalition of moderates and conservatives.conservatives.

Pro-Western foreign policy.Pro-Western foreign policy.

German “economic miracle.”German “economic miracle.”

4.4. ““Father of Modern Germany.”Father of Modern Germany.”

Italy After WW IIItaly After WW II

1.1. Alcide de Alcide de GasperiGasperi was was Italy’s P.M. Italy’s P.M. from 1948-from 1948-19531953

2.2. Coalition Coalition governments governments [short and [short and unstable!]unstable!]

Part II:“European

Union”

Part II:“European

Union”

European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration

1.1. 1947 1947 GGeneral eneral AAgreement on greement on TTariffsariffs and and TTrade [GATT]rade [GATT]

23 nations.23 nations.

Became the foundation of Became the foundation of postwar global commerce.postwar global commerce.

It set up procedures to handle It set up procedures to handle commercial complaints.commercial complaints.

It provided a framework for It provided a framework for continuing negotiations continuing negotiations [“rounds”].[“rounds”].

By 1990, 99 nations were By 1990, 99 nations were participating.participating.

European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration

2.2. 1952 1952 EEuropean uropean CCoal & oal & SSteel teel CCommunity [ECSC].ommunity [ECSC].

HQ in Luxembourg.HQ in Luxembourg.

““Inner Six” Inner Six” Benelux Benelux nations, nations, France, Italy, France, Italy, W. Germany. W. Germany.

Placed their coal and steel Placed their coal and steel industries under a form of industries under a form of supranational authority.supranational authority.

Eliminated tariff duties Eliminated tariff duties and quotas on coal and and quotas on coal and steel.steel.

European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration

3.3. 1957 1957 EEuropean uropean EEconomic conomic CCommunity [EEC]ommunity [EEC]

HQ HQ Brussels. Brussels.

Treaty of RomeTreaty of Rome..

European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration

3.3. 1957 1957 EEuropean uropean EEconomic conomic CCommunity [EEC]ommunity [EEC]

France, W. Germany, Italy, France, W. Germany, Italy, Benelux.Benelux.

Created a larger free trade Created a larger free trade area, or customs union.area, or customs union.

Eliminate all trade barriers.Eliminate all trade barriers.

One common tariff with the One common tariff with the outside world.outside world.

Free movement of capital & Free movement of capital & labor.labor.

European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration

4.4. 1967 1967 combined the ECSC & combined the ECSC & EEC to form the EEC to form the EEuropean uropean CCommunity ommunity [EC].[EC].

HQ HQ Brussels. Brussels.

European Parliament.European Parliament.

““Eurocrats.”Eurocrats.”

518 members [elected by all 518 members [elected by all voters in Europe].voters in Europe].

Only limited legislative Only limited legislative power.power.

Court of Justice.Court of Justice.

European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration

5.5. 1991-92 1991-92 Maastricht AgreementsMaastricht Agreements

EEuropean uropean UUnion [EU] created from nion [EU] created from the EC.the EC.

One currency, one culture, one One currency, one culture, one social area, and one environment!social area, and one environment!

Create a “frontier-free” Europe Create a “frontier-free” Europe a a common EU passport.common EU passport.

One large “common market.”One large “common market.”

Goods coming into the EU would Goods coming into the EU would have high tariffs placed on them. have high tariffs placed on them.

2002 2002 a common currency [ a common currency [EuroEuro]]

2003 2003 60,000 men EU rapid defense 60,000 men EU rapid defense force was created. force was created.

Cold War

The Cold War started in 1945 after World War II.

The U.S. was trying to spread.....?

The Soviet Union was trying to spread....?

Cold war - 1980’s

By the 1980’s,

the Cold War was

starting to thaw.

In 1985, President Reagan (U.S.) met with the Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev

They met about slowing down the arms race.

Why would both countries want to slow down the arms race?

Arms RaceThe arms race was very expensive!! The Soviet Union was using most of its government resources on developing new weapons and the army!

By slowing down the arms race, the world will become safer because there won’t be the development of deadlier and deadlier weapons.

Disarmament Eventually, the Soviet Union and the U.S. signed various treaties that lowered the number of nuclear weapons each country had.

For Example, START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) allowed the U.S. and the Soviet Union to deploy only 6,000 nuclear warheads, and 1,600 intercontinental ballistic missiles.

This was more symbolic than really reducing the chances of a nuclear disaster.

Would this really reduce the chances of a nuclear disaster?

Nuclear DISASTERNo, reducing the number of warheads to 6,000 would no get rid of the threat of a nuclear disaster because even one warhead can cause enormous destruction!

Think back to Hiroshima and Nagasaki (and those were far weaker bombs).

START Nonetheless, the treaty showed that both sides were serious about creating a lasting peace between the two countries.

Soviet UnionThe government of the Soviet Union started to loosen up on its control over its citizens.

Gorbachev started letting people speak out more, and even start their own businesses.

How do you think the U.S. thought about the Soviet Union becoming more Capitalist?

Perestroika Perestroika means “restructuring.”

Gorbachev started to “restructure” the Soviet Union by allowing people to begin to open private businesses (businesses not owned by the government but by the people).

He brought many parts of a capitalist system into the Soviet Union.

Do you think the old school communists were happy with these changes?

Glasnost

Gorbachev also led the Soviet Union through Glasnost, the beginning of “openness”

The government was required to not be secretive.

The media was not censored as much.

People were allowed to express themselves in writing, speech, and art.

Gorbachev

All these reforms were huge changes in the Soviet Union.

He became the Time “Man of the Year” in 1988

Communist Countries

Communist countries in Eastern Europe started breaking away from communism.

They slowly started to privatize their businesses and many became capitalist in the late 1980’s.

The Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe

Iron curtain breaks!

• The map becomes more blue

Berlin Wall Falls

Remember Berlin?

The city was split in half.

In 1989, Berlin was reunited when Eastern Berlin stopped being communist!

Berlin was unified.

What differences do you notice about the two sides of the Berlin Wall?

berlin wall falling!

• Celebrate good times come on!

The FALL OF THE SOVIET UNION

After 44 years, the Soviet Union realized that communism was not working.

The government and banks were were broke.

Services were not being provided for Soviet citizens.

People wanted a change! They led a coup!

A new Russian government that was not Communist was elected!

How do you think the U.S. felt?

Conclusion

The U.S. won the Cold War!

Capitalism defeated Communism

The Soviet Union stopped Communism in 1989.

The Iron Curtain in Europe disappeared