The EarlyCold War:1947-1970

Thanks to Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua,

NY

1945 - 1991

Copy Down Vocab• Superpower – an extremely powerful and

influential nation, both economically and militarily

• Containment – U.S. policy to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries

• Cold War – the state of diplomatic hostility between the U.S. and Soviet Union

• Proliferation – the growth or spread of something such as nuclear weapons

• Communism –economic and political belief where everything should be owned by the public

Copy Down Vocab• Arms Race – competition between

countries to expand the amount of weapons they have

• Détente – policy of reducing Cold War tension between the U.S. and SU

• Democratization – the process of making a country into a democracy

• Nonalignment – nations that remained neutral and did not pick a side in the Cold War

• Nuclear Holocaust – annihilation of humanity by nuclear warfare

Post-WWII Europe•EQ: How does Europe change after WWII and how does it recover?

Post-War Europe• How is Europe after the war?

–Devastated by war, 60 million dead (2/3 civilians)

–Cities destroyed, famine, and disease

• How are the people of Europe?–They are looking for new leadership–Desire stability and peace

Europe’s Question:Who will countries

look to for leadership?

Emergence of Superpowers• Before WWII

–There were several great powers: France, Great Britain, Germany, U.S., USSR, Japan

• After WWII–United States and Soviet Union

(winners of WWII) emerge as superpowers

VS

Europe is Divided• What happens?

–By 1945, Europe is divided between the Soviets in the East and the Western Powers (U.S., GB, and France) in the West

–Germany and Berlin are divided• Why does this happen?

–Stalin takes over eastern countries for protection against the West.

The Iron Curtain• Soviets kept the

countries they freed from the Germans

• Installed communist govts

• No elections, no freedom

• It was as if an “iron curtain” divided Europe

American vs Soviet Goals

U.S. Goals• Encourage

democracy• Rebuild Europe to

create stability and new markets

• Reunite Germany• Stop the spread of

communism

Soviet Goals• Encourage

communism• Control Eastern

Europe for protection

• Keep Germany divided

Allies Become Enemies

America’s Challenge• What is America’s challenge?

–How to keep the Western European countries democratic and rebuild their economies

• What does the U.S. decide to do?–U.S. will give money, aid, food,

machines to countries in Europe–This was known as the Marshall Plan–Very successful in helping Europe

recover

Directions• Complete the Marshall Plan

worksheet on the back of the graphic organizer

• Answer all of the questions• Turn in when completed for

a grade

Post-War World: International Cooperation

Essential Question

• How were the efforts made after WWII at creating a lasting peace more successful than those after WWI?

Quick Review of Post-WWI• Germany is severely punished• Creation of League of Nations

– U.S. did not join so not powerful• Dictators and Aggression throughout

Europe• WWII Begins

Allies Debate Post-War World• Need to think beyond Europe• “The Big Three” meet at Yalta in 1945

to discuss post-war plans• The issues discussed:

– Germany, reparations, and the formation of international organizations

Thinking Internationally• The Allies agree that they need

to change how the world works to avoid war, famine, atrocities, etc…

• Instead, need to promote peace, security, stability, and tolerance

How do we achieve this?

• By creating international organizations where countries can cooperate and help one another

United Nations• Think of it as a congress for countries

around the world• Diplomacy first – talk out your issues

before jumping into war• Promote peace and stability• 193 countries are members as of 2013

Security Council• This is the leadership branch of the

UN • The permanent members of the

Security Council have veto power– U.S., Russia, France, Great Britain, and

China (winners of WWII)

World Health Organization• Branch of the UN• Researches and fights off diseases• Promotes public health around the

world

World Bank• Goal: fight poverty and increase the

standard of living• Provides loans and investments to

countries– Schools, electricity, disease control

International Monetary Fund

• Purpose is to maintain economic cooperation and trade so not to repeat 1930s Depression

• Give loans to countries

Directions• Use the sheet (front and back) to

answer the following questions on the back of your graphic organizer.

• The first six questions go with the WWI & WWII Compare & Contrast

• The next five questions go with the League of Nations vs UN sheet

The Cold War: Strategy and Competition

Essential Question

• How did Cold War strategies and competition foster conflict?

Containment (1947)• President Truman says

the U.S. will follow a policy of containment–Contain communism–Use military alliances and

economic aid to protect countries

Berlin Blockade and Airlift (1948)

• Soviets block Western Berlin so U.S. cannot send in supplies– Why? – Soviets want control of all

Berlin • Berlin Airlift

– Allies/U.S. fly food/supplies into Berlin for 11 months

– Stalin backs down

Soviets Get Atomic Bomb (1949)

• Soviets test their first atomic bomb

• U.S. no longer has atomic bomb advantage

Formation of NATO (1949)• North Atlantic Treaty Organization is

formed• Defensive Alliance against the

Soviet Union

Korean War (1950 – 1953)• North Korea (communists) invades

South Korea• UN puts together force led by U.S.

to push them back• Stalemate at 38th parallel

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PcmMtNOVORc• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Uojhwx0k8A

U.S. and Soviets Create H-Bomb (1952-1953)

• Now it becomes an arms race as to who can develop the deadliest nuclear weapons

Nuclear Weapons

Soviets Launch Sputnik (1957)

• Soviets launch satellite using ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missile)

• Americans feel they are falling behind in space– Competition in space

Cuban Revolution (1959)• Communists overthrow the American

backed dictator in Cuba– Only ninety miles off the coast– U.S. starts plotting invasion

Essential Question

• How did Cold War strategies and competition foster conflict and communication?

U-2 Incident (1960)• U.S. U-2 spy plane is shot down

over the Soviet Union and pilot is captured

Bay of Pigs (1961)

• President Kennedy allows CIA and U.S. military to back Cuban-refugee invasion to overthrow Castro (dictator backed by the Soviets).

• Epic fail • Soviets feel they need to protect

Cuba

• “There is an old saying that victory has a thousand fathers, but defeat is an orphan.”

~President Kennedy

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)• The closest the world came to

nuclear war • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oj_19REPJ7Q

• Soviets shipped nuclear weapons to Cuba

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W50RNAbmy3M

• U.S. finds out and “quarantines” the island (blockade) from Soviets

• Soviets back down as Kennedy works out an agreement

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ig8UdfQKXSY

Kennedy-Khrushchev Connection1962

• Kennedy and Khrushchev create a direct telephone link to one another

• They begin a semi-friendly dialogue

Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963)

• Signed by President Kennedy and Khrushchev

• Banned the testing of nuclear bombs in the atmosphere, water, or space

• Work on disarmament

Vietnam War (1965-1973)• Kennedy had planned on withdrawing

troops in 1964• He was assassinated in Nov 1963• Lyndon Johnson assumes office and

pledges full support to South Vietnam

Cuban Missile Crisis Letter Analysis

• Read the three letters from Khrushchev, Bobby Kennedy, and John F. Kennedy

• Answer the analysis questions to understand the deals they made

Vietnam War

• Essential Question: How are people affected by war and how do they respond to it?

Background• Divided in two after WWII• Communists in North and non-

communists in South– South Vietnam was ruled by American

backed dictator– Communists oppose him

Why bother with Vietnam?

• It goes back to containment and stopping communism

• Domino Theory – if one country falls to communism, it will spread to others

U.S. Goes to War• Bombs cities and rural areas

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6M6cpjP7GIo• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8T6_bpLwTrc

• Enemy uses guerilla warfare–Hit and run tactics

• U.S. will suffer 60,000 dead and 300,000 wounded

• Millions of Vietnamese die• U.S. pulls out in 1973

– Gained nothing

Vietnam War Song Analysis

• Listen to the song• Be sure to note the year it was

released [Vietnam War 1965-1973]• After listening to each song, answer

the questions.

Vietnam War Songs• “Eve of Destruction” by Barry McGuire

(1965)– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I98KeKV_F9g

• “Ballad of the Green Berets” by Barry Sadler (1966)– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JNfscIsSIfQ

• “War” by Edwin Starr (1970)– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dKAX7Jp8wo

• “What’s Going On” by Marvin Gaye (1972)– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6jKE6YIxmc

Cold War Study Guide• All ten vocabulary words• U.S. Marshall Plan• Escalation and De-Escalation Events• U.S. vs Soviet Goals• International Organizations• What is healthy competition? – Space Race• Domino Theory• Vietnam: Why we were there? What

happened?• United Nations vs League of Nations