The EarlyCold War:1947-1970

The EarlyCold War:1947-1970

What do you do when a friend is accused?What do you do when a friend is accused?

What happens when two people stop being friendly What happens when two people stop being friendly because of conflicting personalities or ideas?because of conflicting personalities or ideas?

What do you do when a friend is accused?What do you do when a friend is accused?

What happens when two people stop being friendly What happens when two people stop being friendly because of conflicting personalities or ideas?because of conflicting personalities or ideas?

Cold War?–The tension and rivalry between the USA and

the USSR was described as the Cold War (1945-1990).

• - Never a real war between the

two sides between 1945 and 1990, but they were often very close to war Hotspots - Both sides got involved in other conflicts in the world to either stop or spread communism **What else caused the “tension”???

The Ideological StruggleThe Ideological StruggleSoviet &

Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron

Curtain”]

US & the Western

Democracies

GOAL spread world-wide Communism

GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.

METHODOLOGIES:

Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]

Arms Race [nuclear escalation]

Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”

From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an the Adriatic, an iron curtainiron curtain has descended has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

Many countries became communist after World War 2

including:

- Czechoslovakia (1948)- Poland (1947)- Hungary (1947)- Romania- China (1949)- Cuba (1959)- North Korea (1945)

Truman Doctrine [1947]Truman Doctrine [1947]

1.1. Civil War in Greece.Civil War in Greece.

2.2. Turkey under pressure from the Turkey under pressure from the USSR to give up land-USSR to give up land-Dardanelles.Dardanelles.

3.3. ““The U. S. should support free The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.”destinies in their own way.”

4.4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.$400 million in aid.

Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]

1.1. ““European Recovery European Recovery Program.”Program.”

2.2. Secretary of State, Secretary of State, George MarshallGeorge Marshall

3.3. The U. S. should provide The U. S. should provide aid to aid to allall European nations European nations that need it. This move that need it. This move is not against any country or is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.poverty, desperation, and chaos.

4.4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].& USSR, [but this was rejected].

Post-War GermanyPost-War Germany

The Berlin Wall Goes Up The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)(1961)

CheckpoinCheckpointt

CharlieCharlie

Berlin Blockade & Airlift Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)(1948-49)

The Arms Race:The Arms Race:A “Missile Gap?”A “Missile Gap?”

} The Soviet The Soviet Union Union exploded its exploded its first A-bomb in first A-bomb in 1949.1949.

} Now there Now there were two were two nuclear nuclear superpowers!superpowers!

NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization (1949)rganization (1949)

United StatesUnited States

BelgiumBelgium

BritainBritain

CanadaCanada

DenmarkDenmark

FranceFrance

IcelandIceland

ItalyItaly

LuxemburgLuxemburg

NetherlandsNetherlands

NorwayNorway

PortugalPortugal

1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey

1955: West 1955: West GermanyGermany

1983: Spain1983: Spain

Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)

} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.

} AlbaniaAlbania

} BulgariaBulgaria

} CzechoslovakCzechoslovakiaia

} East East GermanyGermany

} HungaryHungary

} PolandPoland

} RumaniaRumania

The Korean War: A The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-“Police Action” (1950-

1953)1953)

““Domino Domino Theory”—Theory”—if one if one

country falls to country falls to communism, others will communism, others will

followfollow

Divided along the 38th parallel

North vs South

• Stop the spread of communism into South Korea—fighting North Korea/China

Kim Sung-North Korea

Syngman Rhee—South Korea

1950-1953

• 520,000 troops, 90% American-led by Gen. Douglas MacArthur-South

• 590,000 troops-North• When Americans get to Yalu River, war

becomes fight between China and US

• MacArthur wants to invade China with nukes—Truman says “NO”(China in mutual assistance

pact with Soviets, would become WW 3!!), FIRES MacArthur—Soviets suggest cease fire June 1951—2 years haggling=stalemate

Legacy of the “Forgotten War”

• 54,000 American lives

• $67 BILLION

• Americans reject Democratic Party and elect a Republican in 1952-WW 2 hero Eisenhower

• Increased fear of Communist aggression

• Prompted a hunt for Communists

Premier Nikita Premier Nikita KhrushchevKhrushchev

About the capitalist About the capitalist states, it doesn't states, it doesn't depend on you depend on you whether we whether we (Soviet Union) exist.(Soviet Union) exist.If you don't like us, If you don't like us, don't accept our don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvitations, and don'tinvite us to come invite us to come to see you. Whether to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on you like it our not, history is on our side. our side. We will bury youWe will bury you. -- . -- 19561956

De-Stalinization De-Stalinization ProgramProgram

Cold War @ HomeHysterical Legislation

• Federal Employee Loyalty Program-investigate gov’t employees/dismiss those found to be disloyal to US

• 3.2 million investigated, 212 fired, 2,900 quit

• House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

• Legalized witch hunts

• Hollywood film industry targeted because they made PRO-Soviet Union movies during WW 2 (Soviets were our ally then)

• “Hollywood Ten” blacklisted-refused to name names

Hysterical Legislation cont.

• McCarran Internal Security Act- unlawful to plan any action that might lead to the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship in US..

• Truman vetoed it

• Congress passes it

Spy Cases

• Alger Hiss-State Department official found guilty of perjury (couldn’t prove espionage) R. Nixon prosecuting attorney

• Rosenbergs-leaking scientific info to SU to build atomic bomb..sentenced to death (electric chair 1953)

McCarthyism

• Unfair tactic of accusing people of disloyalty without providing evidence

• Senate inquisition into non-patriotic acts, ruins numerous careers

• McCarthy attacks Army, Senate investigation (televised)..bullying and no evidence=loses favor

• Dies a broken alcoholic man• Cause/Effect p. 621

Living on the Edge

• Brinkmanship-US willing to go to all out war, smaller Army/Navy, larger Air Force(it could drop the H-bomb)

• Fear of Nuclear War lasted 30 years

• NATO-Warsaw Pact map p. 624

Stalin’s death in 1953 thawed cold relations temporarily—Geneva Summit

The Suez Crisis: 1956-The Suez Crisis: 1956-19571957

Egypt ultimately retains control of the canal

Eisenhower Doctrine

• Issued to counterbalance Soviets presence during Suez War

• January 1957—The U.S. will defend the Middle East against any attack by any communist country

Sputnik I (1957)Sputnik I (1957)

Soviet Union beats America into Soviet Union beats America into space—artificial satellite; U.S. space—artificial satellite; U.S.

launches satellite in January 1958launches satellite in January 1958

Big Brother starts “watching”Big Brother starts “watching”

U-2 Spy Incident (1960)U-2 Spy Incident (1960)

Col. Francis Gary Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was Powers’ plane was

shot down over shot down over Soviet airspace—Soviet airspace—we were spyingwe were spying

Eisenhower refuses to apologize to Soviet leader Krushchev…the 60’s begin with even MORE tension between the superpowers