The EarlyCold War:1945-1960

Part I:

“Reconstruction &

Confrontation”

World War II is over• Japan and Europe are in

ruins Agriculture

• Industry• Transportation• In ruins

The Cold War 1945-The Cold War 1945-19911991

Climate of mutual distrust

• Soviets feared “Capitalist encirclement

• World Bank set up– to help stimulate

development in third world countries

– IMF International Monetary Fund

– to regulate exchange rates.

• United Nations set up• provided a forum

resolving postwar conflicts

UNITED NATIONS

• 197 members

UNITED NATIONS

• United States, Great Britain, France, China, and the USSR

• each would have a permanent seat and veto power on the governing Security Council.

REBUILDING JAPAN• General MacArthur• US pledge military protection• New Constitution helps to rebuild

Japan

COLD WAR

Such concern about rebuilding of Germany

Soviets built “buffer countries”

COLD WAR

Occupied GermanyDivided into 4 sectorsFrance, Great Britain, Russia and the United

States

COLD WAR

Berlin Capital of country located in

Russian sectorCity divided into the same 4

vectors

HARRY S TRUMAN

United States developed policy of

Containment

The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”

From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an the Adriatic, an iron curtainiron curtain has descended has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE

What was it…..

Because of the fear of Communism the USA was prepared to intervene throughout the world to protect democracy against communism….By lending equipment, advice etc ( and eventually military force)The main aim was to stop communism spreading furtherThis policy was called CONTAINMENTCONTAINMENT

TRUMAN DOCTRINE•

The Truman Doctrine in March 1947 promised that the USA “would support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures”.

• aid to Greece and Turkey

THE MARSHALL PLAN 1947(Marshall Aid)

• An American response to the poverty and hardship in post war Europe• Who was Marshall?•An American General and American Secretary of State, sent to assess the economic state of Europe

Details

Economies in ruinsShortages of goodsBread still rationedCoal shortages – in GB electricity cuts each day

It was thought that these were the conditions in which communism thrivedWHY?

Marshall’s reaction

• Lend 17 million dollars to Europe• 1948 – Plan passes by Congress –

to last four years

MARSHALL PLAN• The Marshall Plan• • by generating prosperity, to reject the

appeal of Communism, Czechoslovakia showed interest in receiving Marshall Aid but was blocked by Russia.The Soviet system was as much dependent upon creating a self-contained economic bloc as it was in maintaining a repressive political system.

What a nice gesture by the Americans.

• Yes BUT…..• The aid came in the form of goods

made by American firms• So there was an element of

American self-interest to prevent another depression in USA

And Stalin

• He hated Marshall Aid!!• Forbade Eastern European countries from

having anything to do with it• Regarded as anti-Communist• Feared that it might weaken his hold on

Eastern Bloc• And Eastern countries would swing to the

US dollar.

Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]1.1. ““European Recovery European Recovery

Program.”Program.”2.2. Secretary of State, Secretary of State,

George MarshallGeorge Marshall3.3. The U. S. should provide The U. S. should provide

aid to aid to allall European nations European nations that need it. This move that need it. This move is not against any country or is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.poverty, desperation, and chaos.

4.4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].& USSR, [but this was rejected].

Improve your knowledge• The nuclear bomb gave America a lead

which was expected to last at least 5 years. The rapid Russian development of nuclear technology, helped by the work of the “atom spies” was a shock.

Significantly, Russia hurriedly declared war against Japan at the beginning of August 1945 and rushed to advance into Asia to stake out a position for the post-war settlement. This helped make both the Korean and Vietnamese conflicts more likely.

BERLIN CRISIS

• 1948 Stalin attempted to drive British, French, and American forces out of Berlin by cutting off all highway and railway access to the Western-controlled portion of the city of Berlin

Berlin Airlift• West Berlin, as an outpost of Western

democracy and economic success deep within the Communist zone, was both a nest of spies for both sides and a constant challenge to the Soviets.

The Berlin Blockade• was an attempt to starve the city into

submission and the Allied airlift signalled the West’s determination to use all resources to defend Berlin.

Berlin Airlift• Truman restricted his ant-Soviet policy to one of

“containment”, resisting the advance of Communism into South Korea. After some hesitation he resisted his Commander, Gen Douglas MacArthur’s attempt to “roll-back” Communism by invading North Korea and China.MacArthur was dismissed but Truman’s successors continued to be drawn into conflicts of containment for the rest of the cold war. The beginning of the Korean War also highlighted the failings of the United Nations.Up to 1950, Russia and America had respectively blocked each other’s iniatives by using their veto powers in the Security Council. Because the Russian delegates were boycotting the UN in 1950, Truman was able to condemn the Communist invasion of S Korea and to set up a counter-attack under the banner of the UN. In contrast to the pre-War League of Nations, at least this ensured that the UN would, in future, be able to deploy force in international disputes.

Post-War GermanyPost-War Germany

Berlin Blockade & Airlift Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)(1948-49)

BERLIN AIRLIFT

• U.S. Airlift

Cold War

BERLIN AIRLIFTFrance, Britain and United States fused their sectors

of Berlin

BERLIN AIRLIFT

Cold War

Economic recovery was progressing in West BerlinSoviets alarmed blockaded rivers, highways and rails

Cold War

Attempted to starve the cityTruman responded with an airlift of supplies to West

Berlin

Cold War

Cold War confrontationSituation is resolved

militarily without a shot being fired at each other

directly

Cold War

NATOIn response to Soviet

aggression Free nations of Europe and

United States

Cold War

Formed military allianceNATO

Peacetime military alliance

NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization (1949)rganization (1949)

v United StatesUnited Statesv BelgiumBelgiumv BritainBritainv CanadaCanadav DenmarkDenmarkv FranceFrancev IcelandIcelandv ItalyItaly

v LuxemburgLuxemburgv NetherlandsNetherlandsv NorwayNorwayv PortugalPortugalv 1952: Greece & 1952: Greece &

Turkey Turkeyv 1955: West 1955: West

GermanyGermanyv 1983: Spain1983: Spain

•NATO Member Countries•NATO is an Alliance that consists of 26 independent European and North American Countries

Cold War

Soviet Union responded with Warsaw Pact Eastern Europe and Soviet Union

Military pact

Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)

U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R. AlbaniaAlbania BulgariaBulgaria CzechoslovakCzechoslovak

iaia

East East GermanyGermany

HungaryHungary PolandPoland RumaniaRumania

Cold War

Two sides aligned by alliances

Different economic and political systems

Both wary of each other former allies

Cold War

Will enter into a “war” with no direct shots fired at each

other

1949 – Fall of China

• In June, Chiang Kai-shek defeated by Mao– Flee to island of Taiwan

• Oct 1, Mao proclaims People’s Republic of China (PRC)

• Two months later, Mao travels to Moscow,– negotiates the Sino-Soviet

Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance.

• the Nationalist Government of Chiang Kai-shek received U.S. support

• Attempt to prevent Communist control of China.

• 1945, the leaders of the Nationalist Party : Chiang Kai-shek

• Communist partie Mao Zedong• met for a series of talks on the

formation of a post-war government.

• The truce was tenuous, by 1946 the two sides were fighting an all-out civil war.

• Years of corruption and mismanagement had eroded popular support for the Nationalist Government.

• Early in 1947, the ROC Government was already looking to the island province of Taiwan,

• few contacts, limited trade and no diplomatic ties between the two countries.

• Until the 1970s, the United States recognized the Republic of China, located on Taiwan, as China's true government and supported that government's holding the Chinese seat in the United Nations.

Cold War

ChinaRevolution by Mao-Tse

TungPeople’s Revolution

HARRY S TRUMAN

Communist revolution deposed United States backed Government of

Chaing Kai-shek

Cold War

Revolution led to two Chinas

Taiwan (Nationalist Supported by United

States)Mainland China

Cold War

led by Mao and Communists

COLD WAR

Chaing Kai-shek government was corrupt

Did not have support of peasants

COLD WAR

Grain tax was imposed even during a famine

10,000 peasants protested Chaing Kai-shek troops

opened fire on protesters

COLD WAR

Mao Gained the support of Peasants

Fighting eruptedUnited States backed Chaing

Kai-shek with 2 billion dollars of aid but no troops

COLD WAR

Mao was victoriousChaing Kai-shek moved his

government to Taiwan United States did not

recognized mainland China

COLD WAR

Peoples Republic of ChinaContinued support of Chaing

Kai-shek on tiny island of Taiwan

Cold War

Feeling in the United States was containment failed

Led to a rise in anti-communists feeling in the

COLD WAR

Truman believed that China was an internal struggle

Not enough for American involvement

The Korean War: A The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-“Police Action” (1950-

1953)1953)

Syngman RheeSyngman Rhee

Kim Il-SungKim Il-Sung

““Domino Theory”Domino Theory”

The Arms Race:The Arms Race:A “Missile Gap?”A “Missile Gap?”

The Soviet The Soviet Union Union exploded its exploded its first A-bomb in first A-bomb in 1949.1949.

Now there Now there were two were two nuclear nuclear superpowers!superpowers!

Premier Nikita Premier Nikita KhrushchevKhrushchev

About the capitalist About the capitalist states, it doesn't states, it doesn't depend on you depend on you whether we whether we (Soviet Union) exist.(Soviet Union) exist.If you don't like us, If you don't like us, don't accept our don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvitations, and don'tinvite us to come invite us to come to see you. Whether to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on you like it our not, history is on our side. our side. We will bury youWe will bury you. -- . -- 19561956

De-Stalinization De-Stalinization ProgramProgram

An Historic Irony: Sergei An Historic Irony: Sergei Khrushchev, American Khrushchev, American

CitizenCitizen

Who buried who?Who buried who?

The Suez Crisis: 1956-The Suez Crisis: 1956-19571957

Radio Free Europe/Radio Radio Free Europe/Radio LibertyLiberty

The Hungarian Uprising: The Hungarian Uprising: 19561956

Imre Nagy, Imre Nagy, HungarianHungarian

Prime MinisterPrime Minister Promised free Promised free

elections.elections. This could lead to This could lead to

the end of the end of communist rule in communist rule in Hungary.Hungary.

Sputnik I (1957)Sputnik I (1957)

The Russians have beaten America The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the in space—they have the

technological edge!technological edge!

Nixon-KhrushchevNixon-Khrushchev“Kitchen Debate”“Kitchen Debate”

(1959)(1959)

Cold War ---> Cold War --->

TensionsTensions

<--- Technology <--- Technology

& Affluence & Affluence

U-2 Spy Incident (1960)U-2 Spy Incident (1960)

Col. Francis Gary Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was Powers’ plane was

shot down over shot down over Soviet airspace.Soviet airspace.

Paris, 1961Paris, 1961

Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev

thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.and can be rolled.

The Berlin Wall Goes Up The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)(1961)

CheckpoinCheckpointt

CharlieCharlie

Ich bin ein Ich bin ein Berliner!Berliner!

(1963)(1963)

President President Kennedy tells Kennedy tells Berliners that Berliners that

the West is the West is with them!with them!

Khruschev Embraces Khruschev Embraces Castro,Castro,19611961

Bay of Pigs Debacle Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)(1961)

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!Russians, and the other man blinked!

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

Vietnam War: 1965-1973Vietnam War: 1965-1973

““Prague Spring” (1968)Prague Spring” (1968)Former Czech President, Former Czech President,

Alexander DubčekAlexander DubčekCommunism with a human Communism with a human

face!face!

““Prague Spring” Dashed!Prague Spring” Dashed!

Dissidents/playwrights arrested [like Dissidents/playwrights arrested [like Vaclav HavelVaclav Havel—future president of a —future president of a

free free Czech RepublicCzech Republic].].

44thth French Republic: 1945- French Republic: 1945-19581958

1.1. Democratic, but politically Democratic, but politically unstable unstable [27 governments!][27 governments!]

2.2. Universal suffrage.Universal suffrage.3.3. Weak President; powerful Weak President; powerful

legislaturelegislature4.4. Many political parties [coalition Many political parties [coalition

governments]governments]5.5. Failure to gracefully leave Failure to gracefully leave

Indochina.Indochina.6.6. Botched the Suez War.Botched the Suez War.7.7. Failed to settle the Algerian Failed to settle the Algerian

Crisis.Crisis.

55thth French Republic French Republic(1958-Present)(1958-Present)

1.1. Powerful President.Powerful President.* first: * first: Charles Charles DeGaulle DeGaulle

2.2. Weak Cabinet.Weak Cabinet.3.3. Weakened Weakened

legislature.legislature.4.4. Separation of Separation of

powers.powers.

DeGaulle’s AchievementsDeGaulle’s Achievements1.1. Settled the Algerian Settled the Algerian

Crisis.Crisis.2.2. Made France a Made France a

nuclear power.nuclear power.3.3. Sustained general Sustained general

prosperity.prosperity.4.4. Maintained a stable, Maintained a stable,

democratic democratic government.government.

5.5. Made France more Made France more politically politically independent.independent.

BUT, late ’60s student unrest and social BUT, late ’60s student unrest and social changes challenged him. In 1968 he changes challenged him. In 1968 he resigned & died of a heart attack in resigned & died of a heart attack in

1970.1970.

Student Riots in ParisStudent Riots in Paris(May, 1968)(May, 1968)

Clement Attlee & the Labor Clement Attlee & the Labor Party: 1945-1951Party: 1945-1951

1.1. Limited socialist programLimited socialist program[modern welfare state].[modern welfare state].« Natl. Insurance ActNatl. Insurance Act« Natl. Health Service Natl. Health Service

ActAct2.2. Nationalized coal mines, Nationalized coal mines,

public utilities, steel public utilities, steel industry, the Bank of industry, the Bank of England, RRs, motor England, RRs, motor transportation, and aviation. transportation, and aviation.

3.3. Social insurance legislation: Social insurance legislation: “Cradle-to-“Cradle-to-Grave” securityGrave” security..

4.4. Socialized medicine Socialized medicine free national health free national health care.care.

Clement Attlee & the Labor Clement Attlee & the Labor Party: 1945-1951Party: 1945-1951

6.6. Britain is in a big debt!Britain is in a big debt!7.7. The beginning of the end of the The beginning of the end of the

British Empire.British Empire.§ India – 1947India – 1947

§ Palestine – 1948Palestine – 1948

§ Kenya Kenya Mau Mau Mau Mau uprising - 1955uprising - 1955

Churchill Returns: 1951-Churchill Returns: 1951-19551955

He never really He never really tried to destroy tried to destroy

the “welfare the “welfare state” state”

established by established by Attlee’s Attlee’s

government.government.

The Federated RepublicThe Federated Republicof Germanyof Germany

1.1. Created in 1949 withCreated in 1949 withthe capital at Bonn.the capital at Bonn.

2.2. Its army limited toIts army limited to12 divisions [275,000].12 divisions [275,000].

3.3. Konrad Adenauer, aKonrad Adenauer, aChristian Democrat,Christian Democrat,was its 1was its 1stst President. President.§ Coalition of moderates and Coalition of moderates and

conservatives.conservatives.§ Pro-Western foreign policy.Pro-Western foreign policy.§ German “economic miracle.”German “economic miracle.”

4.4. ““Father of Modern Germany.”Father of Modern Germany.”

Italy After WW IIItaly After WW II

1.1. Alcide de Alcide de GasperiGasperi was was Italy’s P.M. Italy’s P.M. from 1948-from 1948-19531953

2.2. Coalition Coalition governments governments [short and [short and unstable!]unstable!]

Part II:“European

Union”

European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration

1.1. 1947 1947 GGeneral eneral AAgreement on greement on TTariffsariffs and and TTrade [GATT]rade [GATT]§ 23 nations.23 nations.§ Became the foundation of Became the foundation of

postwar global commerce.postwar global commerce.§ It set up procedures to handle It set up procedures to handle

commercial complaints.commercial complaints.§ It provided a framework for It provided a framework for

continuing negotiations continuing negotiations [“rounds”].[“rounds”].

§ By 1990, 99 nations were By 1990, 99 nations were participating.participating.

European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration

2.2. 1952 1952 EEuropean uropean CCoal & oal & SSteel teel CCommunity [ECSC].ommunity [ECSC].§ HQ in Luxembourg.HQ in Luxembourg.§ ““Inner Six” Inner Six” Benelux Benelux

nations, nations, France, Italy, France, Italy, W. Germany. W. Germany.

§ Placed their coal and steel Placed their coal and steel industries under a form of industries under a form of supranational authority.supranational authority.

§ Eliminated tariff duties Eliminated tariff duties and quotas on coal and and quotas on coal and steel.steel.

European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration

3.3. 1957 1957 EEuropean uropean EEconomic conomic CCommunity [EEC]ommunity [EEC]§ HQ HQ Brussels. Brussels.§ Treaty of RomeTreaty of Rome..

European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration

3.3. 1957 1957 EEuropean uropean EEconomic conomic CCommunity [EEC]ommunity [EEC]§ France, W. Germany, Italy, France, W. Germany, Italy,

Benelux.Benelux.§ Created a larger free trade Created a larger free trade

area, or customs union.area, or customs union.« Eliminate all trade barriers.Eliminate all trade barriers.« One common tariff with the One common tariff with the

outside world.outside world.« Free movement of capital & Free movement of capital &

labor.labor.

European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration

4.4. 1967 1967 combined the ECSC & combined the ECSC & EEC to form the EEC to form the EEuropean uropean CCommunity ommunity [EC].[EC].§ HQ HQ Brussels. Brussels. § European Parliament.European Parliament.« ““Eurocrats.”Eurocrats.”« 518 members [elected by all 518 members [elected by all

voters in Europe].voters in Europe].« Only limited legislative Only limited legislative

power.power.§ Court of Justice.Court of Justice.

European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration

5.5. 1991-92 1991-92 Maastricht AgreementsMaastricht Agreements§ EEuropean uropean UUnion [EU] created from nion [EU] created from

the EC.the EC.« One currency, one culture, one One currency, one culture, one

social area, and one environment!social area, and one environment!§ Create a “frontier-free” Europe Create a “frontier-free” Europe a a

common EU passport.common EU passport.§ One large “common market.”One large “common market.”

« Goods coming into the EU would Goods coming into the EU would have high tariffs placed on them. have high tariffs placed on them.

§ 2002 2002 a common currency [ a common currency [EuroEuro]]§ 2003 2003 60,000 men EU rapid defense 60,000 men EU rapid defense

force was created. force was created.