Chapter 27Chapter 27Chills and Fever During Chills and Fever During the Cold War, 1945-the Cold War, 1945-19601960

The American PeopleThe American People, 5, 5thth ed. ed.

I. Origins of the Cold WarI. Origins of the Cold War

The American Stance/ The American Stance/ Soviet AimsSoviet Aims The United States emerged from World The United States emerged from World

War II more powerful than any other War II more powerful than any other nation and it sought to use that power in nation and it sought to use that power in the creation of a world order based on the creation of a world order based on the ideals of democracythe ideals of democracy

Soviet aims included rebuilding after the Soviet aims included rebuilding after the ravages of war, and a restructuring of her ravages of war, and a restructuring of her borders to prevent a repeat German borders to prevent a repeat German invasioninvasion

Early Cold War LeadershipEarly Cold War Leadership Eisenhower saw Communism as a Eisenhower saw Communism as a

overreaching world force bent on overreaching world force bent on domination through subversive activitydomination through subversive activity

Joseph Stalin, the soviet Leader, Joseph Stalin, the soviet Leader, possessed almost unlimited power and possessed almost unlimited power and answered to no oneanswered to no one

Americans distrusted Soviet political aims Americans distrusted Soviet political aims and generally equated Communism with and generally equated Communism with the Nazi state the Nazi state

II.II. Containing the Containing the Soviet UnionSoviet Union

Containment DefinedContainment Defined George Kennan is generally credited with George Kennan is generally credited with

defining Americas response to the defining Americas response to the aggressiveness of the Soviet Unionaggressiveness of the Soviet Union

Containment theory taught that the Soviets Containment theory taught that the Soviets would never turn from their plans of world would never turn from their plans of world domination unless hindered by force at every domination unless hindered by force at every turnturn

Containment created the need for America to Containment created the need for America to assist any country that was perceived to be assist any country that was perceived to be falling under the influence of the Sovietsfalling under the influence of the Soviets

The Truman DoctrineThe Truman Doctrine

““I believe that it must be the policy of the I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples United States to support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.”minorities or by outside pressures.”

--Harry Truman--Harry Truman

The Next StepsThe Next Steps

The Marshall Plan: rebuilding the The Marshall Plan: rebuilding the devastations of war-torn Europe with devastations of war-torn Europe with massive American aidmassive American aid

NATO: North Atlantic Treaty NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a twelve-member alliance Organization, a twelve-member alliance that vowed that an attack on one nation-that vowed that an attack on one nation-member would be an attack on allmember would be an attack on all

III.III. Containment in Asia Containment in Asia and the Middle Eastand the Middle East

AsiaAsia Internal conflict in China produced a Internal conflict in China produced a

revolution to Communism that the U.S. was in revolution to Communism that the U.S. was in no position to stifleno position to stifle

War on the Korean peninsula produced a War on the Korean peninsula produced a stalemate between a communist North and a stalemate between a communist North and a democratic South that exists to this daydemocratic South that exists to this day

Vietnam, an American conflict inherited from Vietnam, an American conflict inherited from the French, closely resembled the problems of the French, closely resembled the problems of Korea with one exception: communism wonKorea with one exception: communism won

The Middle EastThe Middle East The state of Israel, created by the The state of Israel, created by the

United Nations as a homeland for the United Nations as a homeland for the Diaspora Jews of the Holocaust, Diaspora Jews of the Holocaust, unfortunately displaced thousands of unfortunately displaced thousands of Palestinian Arabs from their traditional Palestinian Arabs from their traditional lands along the Mediterraneanlands along the Mediterranean

This action solidified Arab hatred of the This action solidified Arab hatred of the western sponsors of Israel and put in western sponsors of Israel and put in motion a series of war and death that motion a series of war and death that survives to this daysurvives to this day

IV.IV. The Cold War The Cold War at Homeat Home

Truman’s Loyalty ProgramTruman’s Loyalty Program

Truman, worried about the influence of Truman, worried about the influence of communism within the borders of the communism within the borders of the U.S., created the Employee Loyalty U.S., created the Employee Loyalty Program in 1947Program in 1947

Although only dismissing several Although only dismissing several hundred employees overall, Truman’s hundred employees overall, Truman’s program set a precedent for government program set a precedent for government review of who could be considered a review of who could be considered a threat due to a belief systemthreat due to a belief system

Joe McCarthyJoe McCarthy The key anti-Communist Senator of the The key anti-Communist Senator of the

1950s1950s Virtually unknown beforehand, he make Virtually unknown beforehand, he make

a reputation uncovering Communist a reputation uncovering Communist plots and targeting anyone outside his plots and targeting anyone outside his narrow version of “American”narrow version of “American”

General public alarm over the evils of General public alarm over the evils of Communism allowed McCarthy the Communism allowed McCarthy the latitude to destroy many reputations latitude to destroy many reputations needlesslyneedlessly