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“The difference between the almost right word and the right word is really a large matter—'tis the difference between the lightening bug and the lightening.” -- Mark Twain
Vocabulary Instruction Vocabulary Instruction StrategiesStrategies
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Revitalizing Vocabulary
Word Play
Direction Direction InstructionInstruction
Nonlinguistic Representation
Multiple Exposure
Word Parts
Similarities &
Difference
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Direct Vocabulary Direct Vocabulary InstructionInstruction
• Vocabulary instruction is the single most valuable aspect of comprehension.
• Effective vocabulary instruction does not rely solely on providing definitions.
• Students must be able to visualize the word and also connect it to other words.
• Direct Instruction = word meaning + strategy ownership
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Strategies for Direct Strategies for Direct InstructionInstruction
Expert to Expert*
Vocabulary Mapping*
Frayer Diagram/ Vocabulary Squares* *RICA strategies
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Activity: Activity: Expert to ExpertExpert to Expert
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ActivityActivityExpert to ExpertExpert to Expert
Form groups.
(grouping cards-bottom left)
Supplies: vocabulary cards Each group member
chooses two words to teach the group using any pictures, actions, symbols, or word associations that will help create a mental picture.
Quiz time
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Expert to ExpertExpert to ExpertPurpose: Enhance vocabulary learning through collaborative study
Process:
Teacher chooses up to 7 vocabulary words.
Group students into groups of 3 or 4
Distribute a set of vocabulary cards to each group. The group should divide the cards among them.
Students will teach their words to the group using any pictures, actions, symbols, or word associations that will help create a mental picture for easy remembering.
When groups feel they are ready, they are given a vocabulary test – the test is taken individually.
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Vocabulary MappingVocabulary Mapping
Purpose: Help students visualize various components of a definition
Graphic organizer Beneficial for “chunking” information and
visually showing connections Moves students from simple dictionary
statements to higher level definitions that show relationships
Opportunity for personal connections Model, model, model!
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Vocabulary MappingVocabulary Mapping
Word
What is it like?
What are some examples?
What is it?
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Vocabulary MappingVocabulary MappingWhat is it?
What is it like?
What are some examples?
Yogurt is a food made from dairy products. It is cold, creamy, and delicious. There are many products, brands, and flavors of yogurt.
Food-dairy product
Yogurt
Fat free Vanilla Strawberry
Cool
Creamy
Soft
Frozen
Definition:
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Vocabulary MappingVocabulary Mapping(Practice – grouping card: top, right)
Love
What is it like?
What are some examples?
What is it?
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Frayer Diagram/Vocabulary Frayer Diagram/Vocabulary SquaresSquares
Purpose: Develops understanding of words
by deciding what is essential to the word and
what is not.
Students elaborate on word meanings using multiple components of the word’s meaning.
Opportunity for personal connections Various versions Model, model, model!
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Frayer Diagram/Vocabulary Frayer Diagram/Vocabulary SquaresSquares
TOPIC
Definitions
Examples
Facts/Characteristics
Non-examples
Summary
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Frayer Diagram/Vocabulary Frayer Diagram/Vocabulary SquaresSquares
ACIDS
Sour taste
Turns litmus paper red
Reacts with bases
Proton donor
electrolyte
Stomach acid
Soft drinks
Milk
Vinegar
Sulfuric acid
Strong odor
Color
Corrosive
Ionizes completely in water
Drain cleaner
Ammonia
Antacid
Lime
Baking soda
Essential Characteristics Nonessential Characteristics
Examples Non-examples
Summary
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Frayer Diagram/Vocabulary Frayer Diagram/Vocabulary SquaresSquares
Sentence/Part of Speech
Macbeth kept having malevolent thoughts about killing Duncan so he could become the next king of Scotland. (adjective)
Picture/Logo
Variations of the Word
Malevolence (noun):
Related Words:
malicious malign
mean; venomous
Definition
Having or showing ill-will; malicious
MALEVOLENT
Summary
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Frayer Diagram/Vocabulary Frayer Diagram/Vocabulary SquaresSquares
Definition
Geometric property shape classification Designating a triangle with two equal sides
Picture/Logo
Properties
Two sides of equal length (congruent)
Pair of equal angle
Has line of symmetry
Examples
Triangles, trapezoids
Equilateral (Regular)
Scalene
Isosceles
Summary
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Choose one of the three completed frayer examples.
Write a short summary for the diagram.Write a one-sentence summary
for the diagram.Share with the group.
ActivityActivityFrayer Diagram/Vocabulary Frayer Diagram/Vocabulary
SquaresSquares
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Revitalizing Vocabulary
Word Play
Direction Direction InstructionInstruction
Nonlinguistic Representation
Multiple Exposure
Word PartsWord Parts
Similarities &
Difference
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Word PartsWord Parts
WebstretchersConnect Three
Did you know…?“un-” accounts for 26% of all prefixed
wordsun-, along with re-, dis-, and in- account
for a whopping 58% of prefixed words
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WebstretchersWebstretchers
Purpose: Helps the brain make associations as opposed to memorizing (and quickly deleting) facts
Uses patterns of meaning based on one base word and adding prefixes/suffixes.
Small groups work bestIllustrates the flexibility of language
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Procedure:1. Divide participants into groups of 3 to 5.2. Assign each group a base word/word root.
Suggestions are: tract, port, form, press, cycle, joy, & serve
3. Give each group chart paper and instruct the group to draw a large spider web on the chart.
4. Place their assigned base word in the center of the web.
5. Each group should brainstorm as many words as they can by adding prefixes and suffixes to their root morpheme.
6. The new words should be written on the threads of their web.
7. Groups should display their webs on the wall and have someone to report on their webstretcher.
WebstretchersWebstretchers
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Spire breathe; breath, life
aspire
conspire
expire
inspire
perspire
respire
suspire
transpire
respiration respirator respiratory
aspirate aspiration aspirator
inspiration inspirationalinspired
WebstretcherWebstretcher
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Connect ThreeConnect ThreePurpose: Apply knowledge of word roots,
suffixes, and prefixes
Small groups create new words using a list of prefixes, base words, and suffixes.
Groups are given 3 minutes to form as many (correct) words as possible.
Points are awarded for each combination.
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Connect ThreeConnect ThreeProcedure:1. Divide students into groups of 3 to 4.2. Provide students with lists of suffixes, root words, and
suffixes.3. Explain that they are to form as many words as
possible in 3 minutes using the Connect 3 list – prefix(es), base words or root word,s and suffix(es).
4. Points will be awarded for each combination of base word or root word of two or more. The following example would earn 3 points: “pre-serve-ed.” While this example would earn 2 points: “pre-serve.”
5. At the end of 3 minutes, a member of the each team will call out the words and points will be awarded.
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Connect ThreeConnect ThreeDirections:
Make as many words as possible using the prefix (es), base words/word roots, and suffix (es).
Prefix
Base word/ word root Suffix
trans-
in-, ir-
re-
pre-
de-
uni-
joy
form
cycle
serve
port
spec
-ed, -es
-e, -er
-est
-ing
-ous, -ful
-s, -er
Prefix Base/Root Suffix
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
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ActivityActivityConnect ThreeConnect Three
Prefix Base word/root word Suffix
transin, irre
predeuni
joyformcycleserveportspire
ed, ese, eresting
ous, fuls, er
Prefix Base/Root Suffix
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
Grouping cards
(top left)
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Technology IntegrationTechnology Integration: : Stone, Trogdon, and J. WilliamsStone, Trogdon, and J. Williams
SMART Boards
Curriculum Corkboard
Inspiration
InspireDat
a
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Final Countdown / 3 2 1Summarize your role in regards to vocabulary instruction.
List three essential vocabulary words from your content and a strategy you feel would aid students in its understanding.
How do the methods of vocabulary instruction that you currently use in your classroom match the information discussed today?
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What’s Next?What’s Next?
November 11th - Evidence Based Vocabulary Instruction wiki post due November 21st - Vocabulary Strategies-Direct Instruction and Word Parts wiki post due
December 3rd - Vocabulary Strategies-Multiple Exposure, Word Play, Similarities & Differences, and Nonlinguistic
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Thank You Thank You & &
Let’s Eat!Let’s Eat!
Feedback FormsFeedback Forms
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Resources
Biemiller, A. 2005, Size and sequence in vocabulary development: Implications for choosing words for primary grade vocabulary instruction. In A. Hiebert. & M. Kamil, (Eds.), Teaching and Learning Vocabulary: Bringing Research to Practice Mahwah, NJ: Earlbaum.
Andrew Biemiller, A. 1999, Brookline Books, The Living Word Vocabulary
Hayes & Ahrens. 1988, cited in Cunningham & Stanovich, 1998, What Reading Does for the Mind, American Educator.
Language and Reading Success, a title in From Reading Research to Practice: A Series for Teachers, Brookline Books, 1999.
Marzano, R. & Pickering D. J. (2005). Building Academic Vocabulary: Teacher’s Manual, Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development
Nagy, W. E. and Scott, J. A. (2000). Vocabulary Processes. In M. L. Kamil, P. Mosenthal, P. D. Pearson, R. Barr (Eds.) Handbook of Reading Research. (Vol. III. Pp. 269-284). Mahwan, NJ: Earlbaum.
N. C. Teacher Academy, 2007, The Focus on Early Literacy.
Stanovich, K. E., West, R. F., Cunningham, A. E., Cipielewski, J., & Siddiqui, S. 1996, The role of inadequate print exposure as a determinant of reading comprehension problems. In C. Cornoldi & J. Oakhill (Eds.), Reading comprehension disabilities: processes and intervention . Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Taylor, R. (2007). Improving Reading, Writing, and Content Learning for Students in Grades 4-12. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
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Students should be exposed to concept
vocabulary 27 times in a 3 week period to commit vocabulary to long term
memory. (Spence Rogers)
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Estimated Number of Terms That Can be Taught in Middle School
Grade Level
Number of Words Per
Week
Total Words in 32 Weeks
Cumulative Total
6 15 480 480
7 20 640 1120
8 20 640 1760
These numbers include all subject areas, not just language arts. Therefore, the 15 words a 6th grader can place in permanent background memory must cover all subjects.
Robert J. Marzano, Building Background Knowledge for Academic Achievement, 2004.
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Regroup so that you are sitting with those in your grade level that teach the same subject.
Think: As a group, list the 10 most important vocabulary words from your subject that you feel students need to remember 10 years from now.
Share: Now that you have a grade level list, get with the other two grades that teach the same subject. Combine your list so each subject has just one list of 10 – 15 words and write those words on a sheet of chart paper. (You may want to identify the grade where the word first appears in the curriculum.)
These are words all teachers in yoursubject area need to stress. Great words
to include on a Word Wall.
Ten years from now, what do I want my students to remember?