THE DEVELOPMENT

OF 19TH CENTURY

NATIONALISM

WHAT IS NATIONALISM Extreme pride and devotion to your

country. Dedication to an identification of the

nation-state. What drives the development of

nationalism?Revolutions of 1848 IndustrializationRealismFinancial prosperity

LOUIS NAPOLEON, A.K.A. NAPOLEON III

FRANCE UNDER LOUIS NAPOLEON Louis Napoleon

Merged pop. and conservative ideals with authoritarian nationalism.

By 1848, all men were allowed to vote and voted for L.N. Why?

Related to uncle, Napoleon BonaparteTough ruler- shut down MarxismPositive approach to politics- end poverty, etc.Believed govt. should represent the people- direct

democracy

LOUIS NAPOLEON, CONT. Elected Pres. in 1848 to 4 yr. term.

Wanted 2nd term, but National Assembly said no. Seized power with a coup d ‘etat Had a plebiscite legalize his actions, voted to a

10 yr. termSound familiar?

Later names hereditary emperor, Napoleon III

NAPOLEON’S 2ND EMPIRE Positive changes for France:

Strengthened economy Improved public works projectsRedesigned Paris under HaussmannGave workers rights and housing to poor

Political Power:Manipulated the National Assembly to meet

his agenda

NAPOLEON III’S POLITICAL MISTAKE Attempted to extend the borders of

France for personal gainUnpopular ideaBelieved that popular support was essential,

gave more power back to the N.A to appease them. Supported yet another new constitution- limited

his rights France became more democratic as a result

ITALY Prior to 1850, Italy consisted of

disunified city-statesUnification was an interesting idea to many

Guiseppe Mazzini: wanted democracy based on the will of the people.

Vincenzo Gioberti: Pope for president; federation of city-states

Sardinian King Victor Emmanuel’s form of constitutional liberalism was also a thought.

Cavour Garibaldi

CAVOUR Brilliant statesman from Sardinia who wanted

to unify N. and Central ItalyWanted Austria to give up some N. Italian territory

(Lombardy and Venetia).Asked France for support should war occurAustria attacked Sardinia and France bailed

Sardinia won Lombardy and pro-nationalism quickly grew by 1860

A unified northern Italian state soon emerged.

GARIBALDI Popular, radical patriot who wanted a totally

unified Italy Attacked S. Italy (Kingdom of the 2 Sicilies) with

his guerilla red-shirt fighters Was told by Cavour not to invade the Papal lands-

didn’t want to start conflict with Catholic France S. Italy was dominated and soon Garibaldi and

King Victor Emmanuel rode through Naples (Central Italy) together with cheering people’s support Symbolic: Unification of N & S Italy had occurred By 1870, Italy was ruled by Parliamentary monarchy

under King Victor Emmanuel Unification in name only- no true democratic changes

UNIFICATION OF ITALYGARIBALDI AND KING VICTOR EMMANUEL

GERMANY In 1815, 39 German states formed the

German Confederation.Austro-Hungarian Empire and Prussia were

part of confederation Prussia led the way for the eventual

German unificationMainly a German population (nationalism)Austria-Hungary had ethnic uprisings oftenPrussian army was the best in EuropeBerlin (Prussia) mobs forced a liberal

constitution

OTTO VON BISMARCK 1861, King Wilhelm I wanted money for

army improvements- liberal Parliament said no.

Wilhelm sought the support of the conservative Junkers (wealthy nobles).

Wilhelm chose Bismarck, a Junker, as his Prime Minister.Bismarck is known for his brilliant use of

“realpolitik” (“the politics of reality”) Politics without idealism Declared the he would rule Prussia without the

consent of Parliament.

King Wilhelm I Bismarck

BISMARCK QUOTE “It is not by means of speeches and

majority resolutions that the greatest issues of the day will be decided-that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849-but by blood and iron.”

MY OTTO VON BISMARCK

EMPIRE BUILDING By 1864, Bismarck made his first

attempt and crafting an empire.Allied with Austria against Denmark to gain

2 border provinces- Schleswig (Prussian controlled) and Holstein (Austrian controlled)

Victory increased national pride

SEVEN WEEKS’ WAR Bismarck stirred up trouble with the

Austrians over the Holstein.Austria declared war on Prussia in 1866Prussia won the brief war and made fools of

Austria.Austria lost Venetia (given back to Italy) and

Prussia was able to annex more German land. Prussia had successfully unified Northern

Germany by 1867 (Called N. German Confederation)

FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR Bismarck was a master at creating

“incidents” in order to manipulate people into submission.

He wanted to unify S. Germany to N. Germany, but Catholic S. Germany was terrified of Bismarck and the Protestants in the N. (Kulturkampf)

Bismarck accused the French of disrespect of the Prussian King (lie) and the French declared war on Prussia (July 19, 1870)

FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR CONT. The Prussian army invaded N. France French were outmaneuvered at Sedan 83,000 French prisoners were taken including

Napoleon III French finally surrendered by late 1870 Franco-Prussian War was the last stage of

German unification S. Germany was swept up by nationalism and

accepted Prussian leadership King Wilhelm I was crowned Kaiser (emperor) at

Versailles on January 18, 1871 The Germans called their empire the 2nd Reich

(H.R.E. being the 1st)

POWER SHIFT At the Congress of Vienna in 1815,

Metternich had worked hard to create a balance of power within Europe.

By 1871, Germany and Britain would be the most powerful countries in Europe.