Nationalism in Europe

Wichtige Frage

• How does nationalism shape Europe in the 19th century?

• In what way(s) was the Congress of Vienna successful (or not) with regard to their efforts to squash nationalism?

• How does the creation of a new, united Germany change the balance of power in Europe?

Nationalism

• The belief that each nation or group of people should have their own country, with clearly defined borders, and their own government

• It is also the idea that people should be loyal to their country rather than to their leader

• Finally, it is having pride in one’s country and being patriotic.

What makes a group a nation?

• Nationality (common ethnicity)

• Language (a language that all in the nation will speak)

• Culture (a shared way of life)

•History (common experiences)

•Religion (a religion for most or all people)

•Territory (the land for the nation)

French depose Charles X

1848 1821

1830

European Nationalist Revolts

Greece rebels against Otto-man Empire

Belgians rebel against Dutch

Poles rebel against Russia

Hungarians demand self-government

Czechs demand Bohemian independence

Liberal revolt in German states

French demand democratic gov’t

1870 1862

1860

1858

1848

Unification of Italy and Germany

1866

Cavor appointed prime minister

French help drive out Austria

Garibaldi gives up power to King Victor Emmanuel

Bismark appointed prime minister

Seven Week’s War

Franco Prussian War

Italian Unification

• Napoleon controlled until 1815– brought unity for short time

• Congress of Vienna redraws Europe & hurts Italian unity– Northern Italy given to Austrians at Vienna

• Italy made up of independent governments– Papal States, Piedmont Sardinia, Kingdom of the

Two Sicilies, Tuscany, Parma & Lombardy

Moving Toward Unification

• Groups within Italian states begin to push for unification of Italy

• Most wanted Austrians out of Northern Italy (WHY?!)

• Literature starts to call for unification• Different groups emerge: The Carbonari

Giuseppe Mazzini • 1805-1872 • “poor man's lawyer”• “Tin Man” (The Heart)• Founder of Young Italy

movement• 1830 member of Carbonari• Arrested in October 1830• Hope for unity and

autonomy only to be found in nation-states

Mazzini’s Young Italy• basic principle : the union of the several

states and kingdoms into a single republic • "One, Independent, Free Republic“• Failed uprisings in 1833 & 1848– Sent into exile after 1848 uprising failed

• Remember Copernicus?

Camillo di Cavour

• 1810-1861• Founder of Italian

Liberal Party• Prime Minister of

Piedmont-Sardinia• The “Scarecrow” (The

Brains)

Cavour• United Italy unintentionally; true intent was to

strengthen Piedmont-Sardinia• Attempted, through war with France and

Austria, to gain the northern Italian states in 1859– France backed out with only half of the territory

gained– Parma, Tuscany & Modena, which had not been

gained by the war rebelled against Austrians & joined Sardinia

Cavour• Prime Minister of Piedmont 1861 Victor

Emanuell II made him Prime Minister of Italy

• Strain too much on him he dies June 7,1861• His last words were reportedly “Italy is

made. All is safe.”

Giuseppe Garibaldi • 1807-1882• "Hero of the Two

Worlds" • Member of Young Italy

and Carbonari• Exiled to the Americas• Founded the Red Shirts• The “Cowardly Lion”

(The Strength)• Unified by the sword not

the ballot box

Garibaldi’s Achievements

• Helped lead riots in various cities• Worked closely with Mazzini• Commanded Navy in the Uragauy Civil War• Returns to Italy to defend Rome during the

First War of Italian Independence• Unified the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies– Stopped short of uniting all of Italy by Cavour

Garibaldi

• Garibaldi steps aside to prevent civil war and allows Cavour to let king of Sardinia rule

Steps to Finish the Job• Remove the Austrians from Venetia• May 1860 elections– Victor Emanuel II voted King of Italy by “the grace

of God and the will of the nation”

• Venetia reclaimed by Italy in 1866 as a result of the 7 weeks War

• Franco-Prussian War of 1870 forces French to recall troops from Papal States– Italy is united

Problems Remain

• Problems between North and South– Industrial North, agricultural South– Language (dialect) problems– Political problems between the two– Not going to be ready for the 20th century

Regroup

• Define nationalism• What are some of the characteristics that go

into creating a nation?• Who united Italy first in the 19th century?• Who were the 3 men who unified Italy?

Regroup

• Why is Mazzini the Copernicus of the Italian unification movement?

• What war brought Venetia back to Italy?• What war forced the French out of Italy and

finished the unification of Italy?

German Unification

Germany’s Makeup

• Result of the Congress of Vienna was 39 separate German states– Prussia largest & most dominant– Homogeneous population made unification

easier• Religious differences between Catholic south and

Protestant north

Economic Unification

• Creation of the Zollverein (customs union) by 1844– Reduced tariffs between German states– Created tariffs against foreign products– Adopted uniform set of weights, measures &

currency– Paved way for later political union

Otto von Bismarck• 1815-1898• Member of the Junker class– Conservative landowner

• Machiavellian• Use of Realpolitik• “The great decisions of the day

will not be decided by speeches and majorities, but by blood & iron.”– Willing to start wars to

accomplish goals

Steps Toward Unification

• Series of Wars to unify German states– Second war of Schleswig (1864),– the 7 Weeks War (1866),– the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

Wars

• Second war of Schleswig (1864)• Prussians demand territory from Denmark• Austrians join with Prussia• Denmark easily defeated• Prussians get Schleswig & Austrians get Holstein

Wars

• 7 Weeks War– Bismarck launched war against old ally, Austria• Wanted to remove Austrian influence from German

states– Austria had control of Holstein

– Superior German forces destroyed the Austrians

Results of 7 Weeks War

• Prussia to annex some territory from Austria• Italy regains Venetia • Bismarck excluded long-time rival Austria and

most of its allies from the German Confederation

• Formed North German Confederation with the states that had supported Prussia

• Ended Austrian dominance of the German nations

Causes of the Franco-Prussian War

• German Prince Leopold offered throne of Spain. • Following the protests in France, Leopold had

withdrawn his acceptance in July 1870– Why would France be upset?

• French wanted a guarantee by the Prussian king that no member of his Hohenzollern family would ever be a candidate for the Spanish throne.

• Ems Dispatch issued leading to war

The Ems Dispatch

• The French had made certain demands under threat of war; Wilhelm had refused them

• It was designed to give the French the impression that King Wilhelm I had insulted Count Benedetti

• Bismarck edited the Dispatch to make it look like the French had been insulted

• Bismarck intended to give France an opportunity to declare a war as part of his plan to unify Germany

• The French public was outraged; declared War July 1870

The Franco-Prussian War

• German forces superior• Efficiently used the railroads• Used steel artillery• Prussian and German victories in eastern

France • Battle of Sedan on 1 September 1870– Napoleon III was captured with his whole army

End of The Franco Prussian War

• German armies easily defeated the newly recruited French armies

• Paris fell on January 28, 1871.• January 18, 1871: the German states had proclaimed

their union under the Prussian King, uniting Germany as a nation-state, the German Empire. – Proclaimed in the Palace of Versailles

The Proclamation of the German Empire

January 18, 1871

Unified Germany

• 25 states • 1871 Constitution of the German Empire • Reichstag (parliament) elected by direct and

equal male suffrage • Prussia dominated the executive power

Regroup

• Who was the man responsible for the unification of Germany?

• How many German states were there before unification?

• What tactic did the unifier of Germany use to unify Germany?

• Where was the new Germany born?

Wichtige Frage

• How does nationalism shape Europe in the 19th century?

• In what way(s) was the Congress of Vienna successful (or not) with regard to their efforts to squash nationalism?

• How does the creation of a new, united Germany change the balance of power in Europe?