The Developing Person Through the Life Span 8e by Kathleen Stassen Berger
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Transcript of The Developing Person Through the Life Span 8e by Kathleen Stassen Berger
PART ONETHE BEGINNINGS
The Developing Person Through the Life Span 8e
by Kathleen Stassen Berger
Chapter 1: IntroductionChapter 2: Theories of DevelopmentChapter 3: Heredity & EnvironmentChapter 4: Prenatal Development & Birth
Chapter 1– Introduction
The Developing Person Through the Life Span 8e
by Kathleen Stassen Berger
Defining DevelopmentThe Life-Span PerspectiveThe Scientific Method
Defining Development
The science of human development…
seeks to understand
how and why people—
all kinds of people, everywhere, of every age
change over time.
The Nature-Nurture Debate
Nature inherited genetically from
parents Nurture environmental influences• health and diet of the embryo’s
mother • community• family• society• diet• school
Critical and Sensitive Periods
Critical Periodis a time when certain things must occur for normal development.
- 1957-1961 Newly pregnant women took thalidomide
- Between days 28-54 Fetus develops arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, toes
Sensitive period is when a particular development occurs most easily.- Language 1-3 years
Observing Changes Over Time
Dynamic-Systems Theory
A view of human development as an ongoing,
ever-changing interaction between the
physical and emotional being and between the
person and every aspect of his or her environment,
including the family and society.
The Life-Span Perspective
Human Development is:
Multidirectional MulticontextualMulticulturalMultidisciplinaryPlastic
An approach to the study of human development that takes into account all phases of life, not just childhood or adulthood.
The Life-Span Perspective
Development is Multidirectional
Contrary to traditional view development advanced until 18 then level off to 50
Some describe as age-related steps – Piaget, Erickson, Freud
others such as Skinner & Maslow do not
The Life-Span Perspective
Development is MulticontextualBronfenbrenner’s Ecological-Systems Approach - Bioecological
The Life-Span Perspective
Socioeconomic Contextsocioeconomic status (SES)
A person’s position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, and place of residence.
The Life-Span Perspective
Development is Multicontextual
Let’s look an example of how the context in which you have developed can affect you by looking at common cohort names…
Cohort – Persons born within a few years of each other. A group who travel through life together experiencing similar circumstances.
Which First Names for U.S. Girls & Boys Were Most Popular in
1922, 1952, 1982, and 2012?
Year Top 5 Girls’ Names / Top 5 Boys Names
____ Mary, Dorothy, Helen, Margaret, Ruth / John, Robert, William, James, Charles
____ Sophia, Isabella, Emma, Olivia, Ava / Jacob, Mason, William, Jayden, Noah
____ Linda, Mary, Patricia, Deborah, Susan / James, Robert, John, Michael, David
____ Jennifer, Jessica, Amanda, Sarah, Melissa / Michael, Christopher, Matthew,
Jason, David
Which First Names for U.S. Girls & Boys Were Most Popular in
1922, 1952, 1982, and 2012?
Year Top 5 Girls’ Names / Top 5 Boys Names
1922 Mary, Dorothy, Helen, Margaret, Ruth / John, Robert, William, James, Charles
2012 Sophia, Isabella, Emma, Olivia, Ava / Jacob, Mason, William, Jayden, Noah
1952 Linda, Mary, Patricia, Deborah, Susan / James, Robert, John, Michael, David
1982 Jennifer, Jessica, Amanda, Sarah, Melissa / Michael, Christopher, Matthew,
Jason, David
The Life-Span Perspective
Development is Multicultural Culture a meaning and information system shared by a
group and transmitted across generations, that allows the
group to meet basic needs of survival…pursue happiness
and well-being, and derive meaning from life.
Ethnicity, Race, and Culture Ethnic Group share certain attributes, almost always including
ancestral heritage and usually national origin
Leo Vygotsky
The Life-Span Perspective
Ethnicity, Race, and Culture Ethnic Group share certain attributes, almost always including ancestral heritage and usually national origin, religion, language
(Hispanic, Asian American, Native American, etc…)NOT the same as cultural group
Some people of a particular ethnic group may not share a culture.Some cultures are followed by people of several ethnic groups. (A person of Jewish Ethnicity does not necessarily practice Judaism or follow Jewish culture, but instead may practice Buddhism and follow Asian culture) RaceA social construction wherein individuals who are labeled as being of different races on the basis of physical characteristics are treated as though they belong to biologically defined groups.
Development is Multicultural
Study on the effects cultural differencesChan, Brandone, and Tardif-
Participants: 49 mother/toddler pairs. 25 Middle America/ 24 Beijing, China: Comparable age/educationDesign: 3 10-min. play sessions. 1)mechanical toys 2)regular toys 3)reading picture bookData /Conclusions:Similarities:
Influenced by context- used more verbs w/mechanical toysDifferences:
U.S. less commands “sit down” “listen” allowed children to add irrelevant commentsChina 20% more verbs than nouns
Why?
Development is Multicultural
Chinese Culture:Encourages people to see themselves in relation to others rather than as isolated individualSee objects in context rather than detached from uses and surroundings
‘The nail that sticks up will be hammered down.”
American Culture:Encourages people to see themselves as individualsSee objects as detached
“The squeaky wheel get the oil”
The Life-Span Perspective
Development is Multidisciplinary Lifespan development involves interdisciplinary
collaborations & multiple methodological approaches to understand how and why individuals change
Segmented in three domains: biological, cognitive, and social
Segmented age divisions childhood, adolescence, and adulthood
The Life-Span Perspective
Development is Plastic Human traits can be molded, yet maintain a certain durability of identity
The Scientific Method
Answering questions using empirical research and data-based conclusions
Empirical Research: based on scientific observations, repeated
experiences, verifiable experiments (not theoretical)
Scientific Observation: recording behavior systematically and objectively
Five Basic Steps of the Scientific Method
1. Begin with curiosity.Pose a question.
2. Develop a hypothesis, a specific prediction that can be tested.
3. Test the hypothesis. Design & conduct research to gather empirical evidence (data)
4. Draw conclusion
5. Report the results.
Often a sixth step is required before the scientific community accepts your results..
6. Replication of research & results.
The Scientific Method
Before the mid-1990s, Thousands of 2-4 month olds died of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) each year.
1. “Begin with curiosity” – Why do so many infants die suddenly in their sleep?
… cat? brain damage? covers?
The Scientific Method
Scientist Susan Beal looked for factors that increased the risk of SIDS in South Australia.Babies of Chinese parents died of SIDS less often. Unlike European customs, Chinese babies slept on their backs.
2. “Develop a Hypothesis”
Babies are less likely to
die of SIDS when they
sleep on their backs without loose
blankets
The Scientific Method
3. “Test the Hypothesis”
Gathered data from over 500 parents who lost babies to SIDS
Convinced many parents in Australia to place babies on backs
4. “Draw Conclusions” Back-sleeping infants survive SIDS more
often
The Scientific Method
5. “Report Results”
6. Replicate Results Thousands of parents in Holland placed babies on their backs to sleep… SIDS reduced by 40% in one year.
The Scientific Method
Three major types of research:
Scientific Observation
The Experiment
The Survey
The Scientific Method
Scientific Observation
A research method of testing a hypothesis by unobtrusively watching and recording
participants behavior in a systematic and objective manner –
in a natural setting, in a laboratory, or searches of archival data.
The Scientific Method
The Survey
A research method in which information is collected from a large number of
people by interviews, written questionnaires, or some other means
Considerations of researcher:Survey wordingSequence of questionsSelective memoryPersonality differences relating to speaking with strangersPeople change their minds
The Scientific Method: Survey
Study by Quoidbach, Gilbert, Wilson
Rate how much you think you will change over the next
ten years in your:
Personality, Core Values, and Preferences
The End of History Illusion
The Scientific Method
The Experiment
A research method used to determine a cause-and-effect relationship
between two variables (independent and dependent) by manipulating the independent variable
and then observing and recording changes
this causes to the dependent variable.
The Scientific Method
The Experiment
Participants
(Sample Size)
Participants
(Sample Size)
Experimental
Group
ControlGroup
Treatment:Independe
ntVariable
No Treatment
Significant
ChangeDepende
nt Variable
No ChangeDepende
ntVariable
Predicted Outcome
Causation vs. Correlation
A correlation exists between two variables if one variable is
more (or less) likely to occur when the other does.
Positive correlation - both variables tend to increase or decrease together.
Negative correlation - one variable tends to increase while the other decreases.
Zero correlation - no connection is evident.
Correlation is not causation
Correlation
Positive CorrelationBoth variable increase or decrease together
Correlation
Negative CorrelationOne variable increases one variable decreases
Correlation
Zero CorrelationNo connection between variables
Correlation
For each pair of variable,
1. Decide whether you think there is a positive, negative, or zero correlation.
2. Try to think of third variable explaining why that correlation may/may not exist.
Correlation
Two Variables Positive/Negative/Zero Why? Correlation? (Third Variable)
1. Ice Cream Sales/ Murder Rate
2. Learning to Read/ # of Baby Teeth
3.Sex of Adult (m/f) # of Children
Positive Heat
Negative
Age
Zero None
Studying Development over the Life Span
Cross-sectional Research Groups of people of one age are compared with people of another age
Longitudinal Research Collecting data repeatedly on the same individuals as
they age
Cross-sequential Research Study several groups of people of different ages (a cross-
sectional approach) and follow them over the years (a longitudinal approach).
Using the Scientific Method
Quantitative vs. Qualitative
Quantity and QualityQuantitative research
Provides data that can be expressed with numbers, such as ranks or scales.
Qualitative research Considers qualities instead of quantities.
-Descriptions of particular conditions and participants’ expressed ideas are often part of qualitative studies.
Ethics
Each academic discipline and professional society involved in the study of human development has a code of ethics.
An Institutional Review Board (IRB) ensures that research follows established guidelines and remains ethical.
Participation is voluntary, confidential, and harmless.
Research subjects must give informed consent- understand the research procedures and any risks involved.