The Cycling of Energy The Cycling of Energy Key Concept: Various Heat-exchange systems work in the...
-
Upload
philomena-rose -
Category
Documents
-
view
213 -
download
0
Transcript of The Cycling of Energy The Cycling of Energy Key Concept: Various Heat-exchange systems work in the...
![Page 1: The Cycling of Energy The Cycling of Energy Key Concept: Various Heat-exchange systems work in the Earth’s system and affect phenomena on Earth’s surface.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051622/5697c02b1a28abf838cd8a79/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Cycling of EnergyThe Cycling of Energy
Key Concept: Various Heat-exchange Key Concept: Various Heat-exchange systems work in the Earth’s system and systems work in the Earth’s system and affect phenomena on Earth’s surface.affect phenomena on Earth’s surface.
![Page 2: The Cycling of Energy The Cycling of Energy Key Concept: Various Heat-exchange systems work in the Earth’s system and affect phenomena on Earth’s surface.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051622/5697c02b1a28abf838cd8a79/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What You Will LearnWhat You Will Learn• Heat flow is the transfer of
energy from a warmer object to a cooler object.
• Energy from the sun, the major source of energy for phenomena on Earth’s surface, is transmitted to Earth by radiation.
• Heat from Earth’s interior reaches the surface mostly by convection.
![Page 3: The Cycling of Energy The Cycling of Energy Key Concept: Various Heat-exchange systems work in the Earth’s system and affect phenomena on Earth’s surface.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051622/5697c02b1a28abf838cd8a79/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Flow of EnergyThe Flow of Energy• Energy can be carried
from one place to another by heat flow, waves, or by moving objects.
• Heat flow is the transfer of energy from a warmer object to a cooler object.
• Waves—such as water wave, light waves, and sound waves—transfer energy through vibrations.
![Page 4: The Cycling of Energy The Cycling of Energy Key Concept: Various Heat-exchange systems work in the Earth’s system and affect phenomena on Earth’s surface.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051622/5697c02b1a28abf838cd8a79/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Waves move energy, but they do not move matter.
• Objects carry energy while they are moving.
• As they move, the objects pass energy to objects that they touch.
![Page 5: The Cycling of Energy The Cycling of Energy Key Concept: Various Heat-exchange systems work in the Earth’s system and affect phenomena on Earth’s surface.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051622/5697c02b1a28abf838cd8a79/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• The sun is the major source of energy for the Earth system.
• Heat from Earth’s interior supplies a much smaller amount of energy.
• Energy moves through the processes of radiation, convection, and conduction.
![Page 6: The Cycling of Energy The Cycling of Energy Key Concept: Various Heat-exchange systems work in the Earth’s system and affect phenomena on Earth’s surface.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051622/5697c02b1a28abf838cd8a79/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
RadiationRadiation
• All energy from the sun travels to Earth in waves called electromagnetic radiation.
• Electromagnetic radiation contains a wide range of wavelengths, collectively referred to as the electromagnetic spectrum.
• Radio waves have the longest wavelengths, gamma rays have the shortest wavelengths.
![Page 7: The Cycling of Energy The Cycling of Energy Key Concept: Various Heat-exchange systems work in the Earth’s system and affect phenomena on Earth’s surface.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051622/5697c02b1a28abf838cd8a79/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• All energy that Earth receives from the sun travels through space as electromagnetic radiation.
• Wavelengths in or close to the visible light range make up most of the energy given off by the sun.
• Some of this energy can pass through Earth’s atmosphere and reach Earth’s surface.
![Page 8: The Cycling of Energy The Cycling of Energy Key Concept: Various Heat-exchange systems work in the Earth’s system and affect phenomena on Earth’s surface.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051622/5697c02b1a28abf838cd8a79/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• Energy from the sun drives the water cycle and makes life possible on Earth.
• Energy from the sun is absorbed by Earth’s systems.
• This energy is then converted to thermal energy and transferred by convection and conduction.
![Page 9: The Cycling of Energy The Cycling of Energy Key Concept: Various Heat-exchange systems work in the Earth’s system and affect phenomena on Earth’s surface.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051622/5697c02b1a28abf838cd8a79/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
ConvectionConvection
• Most energy is moved through Earth’s systems by convection.
• Most convection occurs in fluids, such as water and air.
• Some convection can occur in solids that flow like putty.
![Page 10: The Cycling of Energy The Cycling of Energy Key Concept: Various Heat-exchange systems work in the Earth’s system and affect phenomena on Earth’s surface.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051622/5697c02b1a28abf838cd8a79/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• The uneven heating of matter drives convection.
• Matter that is heated becomes less dense and rises. Cooler, denser matter sinks.
• The movement of matter that results from difference in density is called a convection current.
![Page 11: The Cycling of Energy The Cycling of Energy Key Concept: Various Heat-exchange systems work in the Earth’s system and affect phenomena on Earth’s surface.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051622/5697c02b1a28abf838cd8a79/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• In the ocean, differences in temperature and salinity cause differences in density.
• Salinity is the amount of salt in salt water.
• Cold, salty water has a higher density than warm, less-salty water.
![Page 12: The Cycling of Energy The Cycling of Energy Key Concept: Various Heat-exchange systems work in the Earth’s system and affect phenomena on Earth’s surface.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051622/5697c02b1a28abf838cd8a79/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• In the ocean, convection causes deep currents.
• Deep currents are stream like movements of water far below the ocean surface.
• Deep currents take more than a thousand years to travel around the entire ocean.
![Page 13: The Cycling of Energy The Cycling of Energy Key Concept: Various Heat-exchange systems work in the Earth’s system and affect phenomena on Earth’s surface.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051622/5697c02b1a28abf838cd8a79/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• Convection currents in the atmosphere form when cold air sinks and forces warm air away from Earth’s surface.
![Page 14: The Cycling of Energy The Cycling of Energy Key Concept: Various Heat-exchange systems work in the Earth’s system and affect phenomena on Earth’s surface.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051622/5697c02b1a28abf838cd8a79/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Convection in the GeosphereConvection in the Geosphere• Convection also occurs
in the geosphere.
• Energy produced deep inside Earth heats rock in the mantle.
• The heated rock is under high pressure, so it becomes plastic without melting.
![Page 15: The Cycling of Energy The Cycling of Energy Key Concept: Various Heat-exchange systems work in the Earth’s system and affect phenomena on Earth’s surface.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051622/5697c02b1a28abf838cd8a79/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• The heated rock flows like putty.
• As it becomes less dense, the heated rock rises toward Earth’s surface.
• The cooler, denser rock surrounding the heated rock sinks.
![Page 16: The Cycling of Energy The Cycling of Energy Key Concept: Various Heat-exchange systems work in the Earth’s system and affect phenomena on Earth’s surface.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051622/5697c02b1a28abf838cd8a79/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• In this way, heat inside Earth moves toward the cooler crust.
• This movement of rock is a convection current.
• Convection currents in the mantle cause the movement of tectonic plates.
![Page 17: The Cycling of Energy The Cycling of Energy Key Concept: Various Heat-exchange systems work in the Earth’s system and affect phenomena on Earth’s surface.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051622/5697c02b1a28abf838cd8a79/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
ConductionConduction• When objects at different
temperatures touch, their particles interact with each other.
• Fast-moving particles in the warmer object transfer energy to slower moving particles in the cooler substance.
• This causes the particles in the cooler substance to move faster and get warmer.
![Page 18: The Cycling of Energy The Cycling of Energy Key Concept: Various Heat-exchange systems work in the Earth’s system and affect phenomena on Earth’s surface.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051622/5697c02b1a28abf838cd8a79/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• Energy can be transferred between the geosphere and the atmosphere by conduction.
• When Earth’s surface is warmer than the atmosphere, the ground will transfer energy to the atmosphere.
• When air comes into direct contact with the Earth, that energy is transferred by conduction.
![Page 19: The Cycling of Energy The Cycling of Energy Key Concept: Various Heat-exchange systems work in the Earth’s system and affect phenomena on Earth’s surface.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051622/5697c02b1a28abf838cd8a79/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Earth’s Energy BudgetEarth’s Energy Budget
• Energy on Earth moves through and between four spheres.
• These four spheres are open systems, which means they constantly exchange energy with each other.
• Energy is neither created nor destroyed.
![Page 20: The Cycling of Energy The Cycling of Energy Key Concept: Various Heat-exchange systems work in the Earth’s system and affect phenomena on Earth’s surface.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051622/5697c02b1a28abf838cd8a79/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• It is simply transferred between spheres and converted into another form of energy.
• You can think of this movement of energy as part of an energy budget.
• An addition of energy in one sphere means a subtraction of energy in another.