Earth’s Geological Cycle - Henry County School...
Transcript of Earth’s Geological Cycle - Henry County School...
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Earth’s Geological Cycle
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What Are the Earth’s Major Geological
Processes?
Main Processes:
1. Plate Tectonics
2. Rock Cycle
3. Soil Formation
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The Earth’s Structure
Earth’s Interior
• Core (Nickel & Iron)
• Inner Core (solid)
• Outer Core (liquid)
• Mantle
• Inner mantle (magma in motion)
• Asthenosphere – outer part of mantle, flexible rock
• Outer mantle (solid)
• Crust
• Continental crust
• Oceanic crust: 71% of crust, DENSE
LIT
HO
SP
HE
RE
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Major Features of the Earth’s Crust and
Upper Mantle
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The Earth Beneath Your Feet Is Moving
Why do the tectonic plates move?
• Convection cells, or currents
• Liquid rock is heated near the core and rises,
cooler rock falls = convection currents INSIDE the
earth
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Theory of Plate Tectonics
Alfred Wegner 1912• Noticed coastlines of the east coast of South
America and the west coast of Africa seemed to
fit together like a jigsaw puzzle – PANGEA
Theory Says: the Earth's lithosphere is made
up individual plates riding over the fluid mantle
that create different types of plate boundaries
and shape earth’s landscape
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Types of Boundaries
Three types of boundaries between plates
1. Divergent plates
• Magma
• Oceanic ridge
2. Convergent plates
• Subduction zone
• Trench
• Volcano
3. Transform fault; e.g., San Andreas fault
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Fig. 14-3, p. 346
Spreading center
Ocean
trench
Subduction
zone Oceanic crust Oceanic crust
Continental
crustContinental crust
Material cools
as it reaches
the outer
mantle
Cold dense
material falls
back through
mantle
Hot material
rising
through the
mantle
Mantle
convection
cell
Two plates move
towards each other.
One is subducted back
into the mantle on a
falling convection
current.
Mantle
Hot outer
coreInner
core
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The Earth’s Major Tectonic Plates
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The San Andreas Fault as It Crosses Part
of the Carrizo Plain in California, U.S.
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The Geological Cycle: Some Parts of the
Surface Build Up & Some Wear Down
Internal geologic processes
• Generally build up the earth’s surface
External geologic processes
• Generally wear down the earth’s surface
• Driven directly or indirectly by sun and gravity
• Weathering
• Physical, Chemical, and Biological
• Erosion
• Wind
• Flowing water
• Human activities
• Glaciers
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Volcanoes Release Molten Rock from
the Earth’s Interior
1980: Eruption of Mount St. Helens
• Worst volcanic disaster in US History
1991: Eruption of Mount Pinatubo
• Largest eruption of 20th century
• Cooled the earth’s temperatures
for 15 months
5 largest volcanic eruptions in recent history
Benefits of volcanic activity
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Mount Pinatubo
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Creation of a Volcano
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Measuring Earthquakes
There are more than one million earthquakes a year!! • Most are too small to be felt
Richter scale • Insignificant: <4.0
• Minor: 4.0–4.9
• Damaging: 5.0–5.9
• Destructive: 6.0–6.9
• Major: 7.0–7.9
• Great: >8.0• Largest ever recorded: 9.5 in Chile on May 22, 1960
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Areas of Greatest Earthquake Risk in
the United States
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Areas of Greatest Earthquake Risk
in the World
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Major Features and Effects of an
Earthquake
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Earthquakes on the Ocean Floor Can
Cause Huge Waves Called Tsunamis
Tsunami, tidal wave
• Caused by movement of the ocean floor
• Can travel as fast as a jet plane across open ocean
Detection of tsunamis
• DART (http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Mov/DART_04.swf)
• Pressure recorders on the ocean floor measure changes in
pressure (increased waves)
December 2004: Indian Ocean tsunami
• Magnitude of 9.15
• Role of coral reefs and mangrove forests in reducing death
toll
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Formation of a Tsunami and Map of
Affected Area of Dec 2004 Tsunami
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Shore near Gleebruk in Indonesia before
and after the Tsunami on June 23, 2004
http://oar.noaa.gov/podcast/2009/video/NOAA_TsunamiForec
astingNoMusic.mov
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Gravity and Earthquakes Can
Cause Landslides
Mass wasting (Slope Movement by Gravity)
• Slow movement
• Fast movement
• Rockslides
• Avalanches
• Mudslides
Increased due to human activities
• Forest Clearing
• Road building
• Crop Growing
• Building houses on steep slopes
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The Cycling of Earth’s Rocks
The three major types of rocks found in the
earth’s crust—sedimentary, igneous, and
metamorphic—are recycled very slowly by the
process of erosion, melting, and metamorphism.
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The crust is composed of rocks & minerals
Minerals- elements or inorganic compounds
that occur naturally in the earth’s crust as a
solid with a regular internal crystalline
structure
• Ex: gold, diamond, silver, salt, quartzite
Rocks – a solid combination of one or more
minerals found in the earth’s crust
• Example: Granite = mica + feldspar + quartz
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Classifying Rocks
There are three broad classes of rocks, based
on formation
1. Sedimentary (deposited)
2. Igneous (volcanic)
3. Metamorphic (heat & pressure)
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There Are Three Major Types of Rocks (1)
1.Sedimentary
• Sandstone
• Shale
• Dolomite
• Limestone
• Lignite
• Bituminous coal
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There Are Three Major Types of Rocks (2)
2. Igneous
(form the bulk of the earth’s crust)
• Granite
• Lava rock
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There Are Three Major Types of Rocks (3)
3. Metamorphic
• Anthracite
• Slate
• Marble
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The Earth’s Rocks Are Recycled
Very Slowly
Rock cycle
Slowest of the earth’s cyclic processes
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Fig. 14-13, p. 354
Erosion
Transportation
Weathering
Deposition
Igneous rock
Granite,
pumice,
basalt
Sedimentary rock
Sandstone,
limestone
Heat, pressure
Cooling
Heat, pressure,
stressMagma
(molten rock)
Melting
Metamorphic rock
Slate, marble,
gneiss, quartzite