The cranial nerves. Central Nervous System - Brain Identify the anatomical location of each major...
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The cranial nerves
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Central Nervous System - Brain• Identify the anatomical location of
each major brain area.
• Describe the functions of the major brain areas including specialized subregions.
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Major brain areas
Cerebellum:* motor coordination* balance
Brain stem:* midbrain* pons* medulla
Reticular formationarousal/sleep/wake
Thalamus:sensory relay station
Hypothalamusautonomic NS
Cerebrum* cortex* basal ganglia* limbic system
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Cerebral Cortex: Perception of senses, association, reasoning, information integration, planning, directing voluntary behavior
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Figure 48.25 Primary motor and somatosensory areas of the human cerebral cortex
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Map this pathway as a simple afferent to CNS to efferent path, naming the neural structures involved:
“You feel the desk and move your hand away as soon as you feel the desk.”
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Touch receptors
Somatic motor nerve to muscle
somatosensory cortexto primary motor cortex
sensory neuron
thalamus
spinal cord
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The white matter consists of ascending (green) and descending (red) axons while the gray matter contains primarily dendrites and cell soma. Each segment has paired spinal nerves. 31 total
Dorsal root - sensory
Ventral root - motor
Spinal Cord
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• Basal nuclei –control of movement
• Limbic System– Cingulate gyrus –
role in emotion– Hippocampus –
learning & memory– Amygdala –
emotion & memory
Cerebrum - basal nuclei and limbic system
Figure 9-13: The limbic system
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• Thalamus – relay & sensory integration
• Hypothalamus– Homeostatic control centers – Motivated behavior control– Hunger, stress– Thirst: body osmolarity– Autonomic NS control– Emotional input– Circadian rhythms– Tropic for endocrine
Diencephalon -thalamus & hypothalamus
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Complex function: Language
Figure 9-23: Cerebral processing of spoken and visual language
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Damage to Broca's Area (Broca's aphasia)
- prevents a person from producing speech - person can understand language- words are not properly formed - speech is slow and slurred.
Damage to Wernicke's Area (Wernicke's aphasia)
loss of word understandingperson can speak clearly, but the words make no sense.
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Cerebrum
Figure 9-11: The basal nuclei Figure 9-16: Cerebral lateralization