EXERCISE 17: BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES .
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Transcript of EXERCISE 17: BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES .
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EXERCISE 17: EXERCISE 17:
BRAIN AND CRANIAL BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVESNERVES
http://www.vision.caltech.edu/feifeili/101_ObjectCategories/brain/image_0026.jpg
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Figure 17-1 Embryonic development of the human brain.
Neuraltube(containsneuralcanal)
Primary brain vesicles Secondary brain vesicles Adult brainstructures
Adult neuralcanal regions
Anterior(rostral)
Posterior(caudal)
Prosencephalon(forebrain)
Mesencephalon(midbrain)
Rhombencephalon(hindbrain)
Cerebrum: cerebralhemispheres (cortex,white matter, basal nuclei)
Diencephalon(thalamus, hypothalamus,epithalamus), retina
Brain stem: midbrain
Brain stem: pons
Cerebellum
Brain stem: medullaoblongata
Spinal cord Central canal
Fourth ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Third ventricle
Lateral ventricles
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FOREBRAINFOREBRAIN
MIDBRAINMIDBRAIN
HINDBRAINHINDBRAIN
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Figure 17-2a External features of the cerebral hemispheres.
Frontal lobe
Precentral gyrusCentral sulcus
Postcentral gyrus
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Transversecerebral fissure
CerebellumPons
Medulla oblongata
Gyrus
Sulcus
Fissure(a deep sulcus)
White matter
Cortex(gray matter)
Spinal cord
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Figure 17-2b External features of the cerebral hemispheres.
AnteriorFrontal lobe
Longitudinalfissure
Precentralgyrus
Central sulcus
Postcentralgyrus
Posterior
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
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Figure 17-2c External features of the cerebral hemispheres.
Frontal lobe
Longitudinalfissure
Precentralgyrus
Central sulcus
Postcentralgyrus
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
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Figure 17-2d External features of the cerebral hemispheres.
Central sulcusMotor areas
Primary motor cortex
Prefrontal cortex
Sensory areas and relatedassociation areas
Primary somatosensorycortexSomatosesoryassociation cortex
Somaticsensation
Taste
Vision
Hearing
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Figure 17-3 Ventral (inferior) aspect of the human brain, showing the three regions of the brain stem. (2 of 3)
Frontal lobe
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract
Optic chiasma
Optic nerve
Optic tract
Midbrain
Pons
Medullaoblongata
Temporal lobe
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Cerebralpeduncleof midbrain
Pituitarygland
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Figure 17-3 Ventral (inferior) aspect of the human brain, showing the three regions of the brain stem. (3 of 3)
Frontal lobe
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract
Optic chiasma
Optic nerve
Optic tract
Midbrain
Pons
Medullaoblongata
Temporal lobe
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
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Figure 17-4a Diencephalon and brain stem structures as seen in a sagittal section of the brain.
Lateral ventricle
Hypothalamus
Corpus callosum
Optic chiasma
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Fourth ventricle
Cerebellum
Arbor vitae
Corporaquadrigemina
SuperiorcolliculiInferiorcolliculi
Pineal gland
Thalamus
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Figure 17-4b Diencephalon and brain stem structures as seen in a sagittal section of the brain.
Cerebral hemisphere
Optic chiasma
Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Pons
Medullaoblongata
Spinal cord
Cerebellum
Choroid plexus
Fourth ventricle
Arbor vitae (of cerebellum)
Corporaquadrigemina
Cerebralaqueduct
Midbrain
Pineal gland
Thalamus(encloses third ventricle)
Choroid plexus
Corpus callosum
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Figure 17-5b Basal nuclei.
Cerebral cortex
Cerebral white matter
Corpus callosum
Anterior hornof lateral ventricle
Thalamus
Third ventricle
Inferior hornof lateral ventricle
Posterior
Anterior
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CEREBRUM
Transverse Fissure
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ON FRONTAL LOBE ON FRONTAL LOBE Primary motor areaPrimary motor area
ON ON PARIETAL PARIETAL
LOBE LOBE Primary Primary somato-somato-sensory sensory
areaarea
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Cortex (superficial) is gray matterCortex (superficial) is gray matterWhite matter is deeperWhite matter is deeper
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DIENCEPHALON= thalamus + DIENCEPHALON= thalamus + hypothalamushypothalamus
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Pineal Gland
Endocrine Endocrine AttachmentsAttachments
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MENINGESMENINGES
Same setup as Same setup as spinal cord—spinal cord—
Dura mater most Dura mater most superficial,superficial,
Arachnoid,Arachnoid,
Pia mater closest Pia mater closest to brainto brain
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• Mesencephalic or CEREBRAL aqueduct
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CHOROID PLEXUSESCHOROID PLEXUSES
Specialized capillaries in Specialized capillaries in ventriclesventricles
Produce CSF—Circulates Produce CSF—Circulates from here to central canal (s. from here to central canal (s. cord) & around outside of cord) & around outside of brain/cord toobrain/cord too
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MIDBRAINMIDBRAIN
CORPORA CORPORA QUADRIGEMINAQUADRIGEMINA
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HINDBRAINHINDBRAIN
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HINDBRAIN--HINDBRAIN--cerebellumcerebellum
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Sensory Nerve Sensory Nerve AttachmentsAttachments
Optic nerves: to eyes
Optic tracts: to brain
Optic chiasm: cross
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CRANIAL NERVES12 pairs
Connect to brain:CN I cerebrumCN II thalamus
CN III-XII brain stem
O O O T T A F V G V A H S S M M B M B S B B M M
Nerve names:Nerve names:
Nerve functions:Nerve functions:
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Brain Overload!!
• Oh, Once One Takes The Anatomy Final, Very Good Vacations Are Heavenly…
Or– Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch And Feel Very Good
VIOLINS, AH!
• Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big BROWNIES Matter Most
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CN I: OLFACTORY
• SENSORY
• Smell
• From olfactory epithelium
• Olfactory nerve-bulb-tract
• (Cribriform foramina of ethmoid)
14-21
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CN II: OPTIC
• SENSORY
• From retina
• Optic nerve-chiasm-tract
• (Optic canal-sphenoid)
14-22
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CN III: OCULOMOTOR• Mostly MOTOR
• To eye muscles
• (superior orbital fissures-sphenoid)
14-22
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CN IV: TROCHLEAR• Mostly MOTOR
• To superior oblique eye muscles
• (superior orbital fissures-sphenoid)
14-22
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CN V: TRIGEMINAL• Mixed (sensory and motor)
• Ophthalmic Branch– Sensory-orbital, upper face structures
• Maxillary Branch– Sensory-lower face structures
• Mandibular Branch– Mixed-mouth
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14-24
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CN VI: ABDUCENS
14-23
• Mostly motor
• To lateral rectus eye muscles
• (superior orbital fissure)
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CN VII: FACIAL
14-25
• Mixed
• To parts of face
• Expressions, tear/salivary glands
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CN VIII: VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR
14-26
• Sensory, from inner ear
• Vestibular branch
– Balance, equilibrium
• Cochlear branch
– Hearing
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CN IX: GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
14-27
• Mixed to head and neck
• Sensory: posterior tongue
• Motor: pharyngeal muscles (swallowing), salivary gland
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CN X: VAGUS• Mixed to visceral
organs, larynx, pharynx
• Sensory: ear, diaphragm, organs
• Motor: pharynx, digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular systems
14-28
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CN XI: ACCESSORY• Mostly motor• To muscles of neck, upper
back• Cranial root
– Fibers originate in medulla
• Spinal root– Some motor fibers
originate in spinal cord
• Join at foramen magnum
14-29
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CN XII: HYPOGLOSSAL• Mostly motor
• To tongue muscles
14-29
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• Sheep Brain Dissection!– Gloves, Scalpel, forceps (tweezers), scissors– We have goggles for you
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Figure 17-11a-b Intact sheep brain.
Olfactorybulb
Opticnerve (II)
Infundibulum
Mammillarybody
Cerebralpeduncle
Pons
Trigeminalnerve (V)
Abducensnerve (VI)
Medullaoblongata
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract
Infundibulum(stalk of pituitary gland)
Mammillary body
Cerebral peduncle
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Pons
Cerebellum
Glossopharyngealnerve (IX)
Vagus nerve (X)
Spinal root of theaccessory nerve (XI)
Medulla oblongata
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Vestibulocochlearnerve (VIII)
Facial nerve (VII)
Abducens nerve (VI)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Optic tract
Optic chiasma
Optic nerve (II)
Cerebrum
Ventral
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Figure 17-11c-d Intact sheep brain.
Dorsal
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Olfactorybulb
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Figure 17-11a Intact sheep brain.
Olfactorybulb
Opticnerve (II)
Infundibulum
Mammillarybody
Cerebralpeduncle
Pons
Trigeminalnerve (V)
Abducensnerve (VI)
Medullaoblongata
Ventral
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Figure 17-11b Intact sheep brain.
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract
Infundibulum(stalk of pituitary gland)
Mammillary body
Cerebral peduncle
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Pons
Cerebellum
Glossopharyngealnerve (IX)
Vagus nerve (X)
Spinal root of theaccessory nerve (XI)
Medulla oblongata
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Vestibulocochlearnerve (VIII)
Facial nerve (VII)
Abducens nerve (VI)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Optic tract
Optic chiasma
Optic nerve (II)
Cerebrum
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Figure 17-11c Intact sheep brain.
Olfactory bulb
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord
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Figure 17-11d Intact sheep brain.
Dorsal
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
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Figure 17-12 Means of exposing the dorsal midbrain structures of the sheep brain.
Occipitallobe ofcerebralhemisphered
Pineal gland
Superiorcolliculi ofcorporaquadrigemina
Inferiorcolliculi ofcorporaquadrigemina
Cerebellum
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Figure 17-13 Photograph of sagittal section of the sheep brain showing internal structures.
Cerebralhemisphere
Corpus callosum
Frontal lobe ofcerebrum
Fornix
Interthalamicadhesion(intermediate massof thalamus)
Cerebral peduncle
Optic chiasma
Parietal lobe
Cerebellum
Pineal gland
Arbor vitae
Corporaquadrigemina
Fourth ventricle
Medullaoblongata
Pons
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Figure 17-14 Coronal section of a sheep brain.
Fornix
Caudatenucleus
Thirdventricle Hypothalamus
Thalamic nuclei
Interthalamicadhesion(intermediatemass of thalamus)
Lateral ventricle
Third ventricle
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Table 17-1 The Cranial Nerves (see Figure 17.9) (1 of 4)
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Table 17-1 The Cranial Nerves (see Figure 17.9) (2 of 4)
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Table 17-1 The Cranial Nerves (see Figure 17.9) (3 of 4)
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Table 17-1 The Cranial Nerves (see Figure 17.9) (4 of 4)
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Review Figure 17-1
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Review Figure 17-2
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Review Figure 17-3
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Review Figure 17-4
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Sheep Brain Dissection
• Safety First!– Sharps: blades and blade holders– Goggles– Gloves– Biohazard waste disposal
• No tissue down the drain!• Gloves also
– Cleaning the dissection trays & your instruments
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Sheep Brain Dissection
• http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/brain/brshpx.htm
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Sheep BrainSheep Brain• Dura mater, pia mater
• Lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital) Superficial
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• Pituitary gland
• Olfactory bulbs
• Optic nerves, optic chiasm, optic tract
• Oculomotor nerve
Superficial
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Sheep BrainSheep Brain• Cerebral cortex (gray matter)
• Cerebral white matter
• Corpus callosum
• 4th ventricle
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
• Pineal gland
• Superior colliculi
• Inferior colliculi
• Pons
• Medulla oblongata
• Cerebellum (arbor vitae, cerebellar cortex)
Longitudinal section
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Sheep BrainSheep Brain• Lateral ventricles Transverse section
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Sheep BrainSheep Brain• Dura mater, pia mater• Pituitary gland• Olfactory bulbs• Optic nerves, optic chiasm, optic tract• Oculomotor nerve• Cerebral cortex (gray matter)• Cerebral white matter• Corpus callosum• Lateral, third, 4th ventricles• Thalamus• Hypothalamus• Pineal gland• Superior colliculi• Inferior colliculi• Pons• Medulla oblongata• Cerebellum (arbor vitae, cerebellar cortex)
Superficial
Longitudinal section & Transverse section
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Figure 17-6a Cerebellum.
Anteriorlobe
Primaryfissure
Posteriorlobe
Horizontalfissure
Vermis
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Figure 17-6b Cerebellum.
Brain stem(midbrain)
Cerebellarcortex
Arborvitae
Deepcerebellarnuclei
Caudal(inferior)
Vermis(cut)
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Figure 17-7a Meninges of the brain.
Skin of scalp
Periosteum
Bone of skull
Periosteal
MeningealDura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
Arachnoid villus
Blood vessel
Falx cerebri(in longitudinalfissure only)
Subarachnoidspace
Subduralspace
Superior sagittalsinus
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Figure 17-7b Meninges of the brain.
Straightsinus
Crista galli ofthe ethmoidbone
Pituitarygland
Falx cerebelli
Tentoriumcerebelli
Falx cerebri
Superiorsagittal sinus
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Figure 17-7c Meninges of the brain.
Arachnoid materover medullaoblongata
Cerebellum
Falx cerebelli
Tentoriumcerebelli
Occipital lobe
Falx cerebri
Superiorsagittal sinus
Parietalbone
Transversesinus
Scalp
Dura mater
Temporalbone
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Figure 17-8a Location and circulatory pattern of cerebrospinal fluid.
Lateral ventricle
Anterior horn
Interventricularforamen
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
Central canal
Septumpellucidum
Inferiorhorn
Lateralaperture
Anterior view
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Figure 17-8b Location and circulatory pattern of cerebrospinal fluid.
Lateral ventricle
Anterior horn
Interventricularforamen
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
Central canal
Lateralaperture
Medianaperture
Posteriorhorn
Inferiorhorn
Left lateral view
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Figure 17-8c Location and circulatory pattern of cerebrospinal fluid.
Arachnoid villus
Subarachnoid space
Arachnoid mater
Meningeal dura mater
Periosteal dura mater
Right lateral ventricle(deep to cut)
Tentorium cerebelli
Choroid plexusof fourth ventricle
Inferior end ofspinal cord
Central canalof spinal cord
Spinal dura mater
Median aperture
Fourth ventricle
Lateral aperture
Cerebral aqueduct
Third ventricle
Interventricularforamen
Choroid plexus
Superiorsagittal sinus
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Figure 17-9 Ventral aspect of the human brain, showing the cranial nerves.
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Infundibulum
Facialnerve (VII)
Vestibulo-cochlearnerve (VIII)
Glossopharyngealnerve (IX)
Vagus nerve (X)
Accessory nerve (XI)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)Medulla oblongata
Abducensnerve (VI)
Cerebellum
Trigeminalnerve (V)
Trochlearnerve (IV)
Oculomotornerve (III)
Optic tract
Optic chiasma
Olfactory tract
Optic nerve (II)
Olfactory bulb
Filaments ofolfactory nerve (I)
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Figure 17-10 Photograph of lateral aspect of the human brain.
Left cerebralhemisphere
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Transversecerebralfissure