The Cradles of Western Civilization Mesopotamia & The Ancient Hebrews.
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Transcript of The Cradles of Western Civilization Mesopotamia & The Ancient Hebrews.
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The Cradles of Western Civilization
Mesopotamia
&
The Ancient Hebrews
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Mesopotamia
Land Between the Rivers
Fertile Crescent
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A. Founding Myths
1. Mythopoeic “history”The Epic of Gilgameshca. 2100 BC
2. What is gained/lost?
3. Nature as source of ethics(near-eastern mythology)
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B. Early urbanization
1. Sumerian Period (3200-2360 BC)Ur, Uruk, Eridu – religion, defense, trade
2. population explosion
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C. Hydraulic society
Wittvoegel = water & power
1. Class stratification warrior-kings priests peasants slaves
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2. Redefinition of gender roles - specialization of labor - female deities
Ishtar
Inanna
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3. Bronze Age technology (3300BC – 1300BC)
Weapons, farm implements, mininginnovation, specialization, cooperation
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4. Writing Cuneiform (Sumerians, 3500)
From pictographs to alphabetLiberate meaning from symbol – abstract thought
“Whoever has walked with Truth generates life”
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D. Early confederations & empires1. Akkadian Empire (2300-1800 BC)
united Mesopotamia multi-ethnic facilitates dissemination of knowledge
Sargon the Akkadian
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2. Old Babylonian EmpireHammurabi Code (1700BC)
Unification through law
Human-based legal code
Expectations of people“If…then…”
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The Ancient Hebrews
The Hebrew Experience and Western Ethics
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A. Rise of Semitic peoplesAramaeans, Chaldeans
Languages: Arabic, Hebrew
Battle of Kadesh, 1286 BC
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A. Legacy of nomadism
1. Trade or raid - Mesopotamian influence - revulsion toward cities
2. Patriarchal system(Abraham, Isaac, Moses, etc.)
God
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B. History and Hebrew Theology
1. Abrahamic concept of God (El, later Yahweh)
2. The Exodus (1200 BC)
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3. The Covenant10 Commandments; ethical monotheism
- personal relationship w/ God
- the individual and moral choice
- active God
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4. The Hebrews & Western religion- God inhabits separate sphere * profane and sacred
* emphasis on the next life
- patriarchal religious system* protection and punishment
- “humanistic”* role of individual is paramount* God cares
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C. Lessons from the rise and fall of Israel
1. 1000-922 BCDavid & Solomonurban v. nomadic
2. Mythopoeicsins of leader = sins of nation722 – Assyrians586 – New Babylonians Nebuchadnezzar II
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D. The Babylonian Captivity and the New Faith
1. The prophets (Ezra, Nehemiah, Isaiah, Jeremiah)
2. Rebuild the Covenant
3. Separation and “purity”
4. Messiah complex