The Course of the War

Hindenberg Line

• Germany wanted to hold on to gains so they build a defensive position that was superior to anything.

• 100 yards deep of barbed wire

The Schlieffen Plan

• The Original Schlieffen Plan was to go through Belgium and encircle Paris.

• Didn’t happen since the Belgians put up a good fight

• British Expeditionary Force (BEF) met the Germans at the Mons on the 23rd of August

• Retreated to the River Marne

German Retreat to Aisne

• Germans were overstretched and tired

• French and British drive them back to the Aisne River.

• Both sides dig in and trench warfare begins.

Race to the Sea

• Both sides tried to outflank each other.

• Which is termed a race to the sea.

• Form a Trench that goes from France through up to Belgium Coast

• Luckily the Allies had control of the sea lanes.

•

Enabling Act

• Since Hitler had two thirds majority he passed this act that enabled him to pass laws without the Reichstag.

• Basically made him have all the power to make laws. What he said went.

• Appointed new state parliaments to pass his laws. Then disbanded Parliament.

• Got rid of all unions• Confiscated funds and property of all the

opposition parties sent leaders to Concentration camps.

Meine Kampf

• Means “My Struggle”

• Hitler Dictated this while in prison

• Contains all of his ideas for Germany

• Included his hatred of the Jewish Race and the superior Aryans.

Maginot Line

• French built a line of defences • Germans went around the line of defences

and surrounded it• French surrendered.• Germany takes Paris. French allowed to

Control Southern France. • Petain becomes a puppet ruler to Hitler,

does everything Hitler wants.

Miracle at Dunkirk

• After French surrender, French and British troops run to the Port of Dunkirk, still in Allied control.

• Britain hoped to be able to save 50,000 troops.

How did it work

• Royal Air Force shot down many German bombers.

• Hitler didn’t send in tanks so he could save them to fight the French

• Land was flooded around Dunkirk, not good for tanks.

• Goering said the bombers would do the job.

Battle of BritainOperation Sealion

• Hitler needed control of sea and air to invade with troops.

• Germany uses the Luftwaffe (air force bombers) to destroy ships and air bases.

Blitz

• Just when the British we about to lose their last air field Germany attacked London.

• This was to try and get the British to surrender.

• Revenge for British bombing of German cities.

• Everything was targeted.

Blitz

• Targeting cities did allow the British to rebuild the air Force.

• Built 1836 planes in 4 months.• Germans were losing twice as many

planes.• British had radar technologies• German Planes could not fight long as

they would run out of fuel.

Operation Barbarossa

• Hitler Knew the only way Britain could fight back was with help from the Soviets or the U.S.

• Hitler attacks the Soviets because he hates communism

• Valuable resources • Living space for Germans (Lebensraum)

Failed

• The geography of the U.S.S.R was not suitable for Blitzkrieg (too big)

• Hitler spread out his troops to attack three areas at the same time.

• Winter set in and troops froze to death

• Allies provided aid through the artic and Persia.

Question 7 Treaty of VersailleEssay question 2

• Alsace Lorraine returned to France

• Belgium Poland and Czechoslovakia were given parts of Germany.

• all overseas colonies given to Allies (Britain, France, Japan)

• Free port city of Danzig

Military Gains

• German army reduced to 100,000 troops

• Forbidden to have air force

• Reduce navy to 6 ships, subs to be handed over to Britain.

• Admission of war guilt

Reparations

• Germany to pay damages to France and Belgium in money or resources for 30 years.

• France gets Saar coal mines for 15 years

• Allied troops establish DMZ in the Rhineland for 15 years.

• League of Nations formed.

Question 8 Nazi Party Aims

Nationalism• All Germans in a

single Country• Destroy the Treaty of

Versailles• Rearmament

Socialism• Workers to share in

profits• Big companies to be

taken over by state• Land shared for the

benefit of all

Nazi Party Aims

Anti-Semitism• Hatred of Jews• Reguarded as lowest

race• Blamed for all

problems• Remove Jews from all

important positions in society

Other Aims• Destroy Communism• Strong central

government• Increase old age

pensions• Educate gifted

children at states expense.

Why did Stalin Choose the Nazis

Question 9

Nazi Soviet Pack

• Hitler and Allies both wanted the Soviets on their side.

• Hitler did not want a war on two fronts East (Soviets and West (Allies).

• Stalin was weak after the war and purges.

• Stalin was terrified of being overthrown. He killed or imprisoned 11 million people including army officers.

Nazi Soviet Pack

• Hitler and Allies both wanted the Soviets on their side.

• Hitler did not want a war on two fronts East (Soviets and West (Allies).

• Stalin was weak after the war and purges.

• Stalin was terrified of being overthrown. He killed or imprisoned 11 million people including army officers.

What was Blitzkrieg

Question 10

Blitzkrieg

• German Attack Strategy

• Based on planes and tanks

• Bombers attacked airfields and communication centres

• Limited reinforcements and defences

Blitzkrieg

• Paratroopers dropped behind enemy lines

• Captured bridges and communication towers

Blitzkrieg

• Bombers attacked enemy strong points

• Tanks broke through weakened points and outflanked front lines

Why was it effective?• New tactic

• Allies prepared for trench warfare and spread themselves thin to cover the borders.

• Speed of tanks allowed Germans to surround allies in the trench.

• Allies were on the defensive prepared for a long struggle.

Deliverance Day (D-Day)Question 11

• After 2 years of planning D-day is launch.• Allies land on the beaches of Normandy.• Landing spots are named Utah, Omaha for

the U.S, Juno for Canada, Gold and Sword for British.

• Operation code name Overlord

D-Day Continued• Airborne troops protected the flanks• Navy bombarded the Nazi fortifications• Nazis did not suspect the landing at

Normandy allies sent a decoy invasion at Calais

• Hitler decided to not send reinforcements to Normandy

• Air force bombed Nazi comunication towers.

D-Day Success

• At the end of the first day the allies controlled 10 kms of beach.

• Landed half a million vehicles and 4 million tons of supplies. (mostly U.S.)

• August, 2 months later, Paris is liberated

Intro to Communism

Terms: Bourgeoisie, Proletariat, Marx

Marx’s View on Capitalism• Communism was a theory by Karl Marx as

a way to organize society fairly.

• Marx saw that capitalism creates classes in society.

• Bourgeoisie are the owners

• Proletariat are the workers

• These two classes will continually be in conflict.

Marx’s View on Capitalism

• Bourgeoisie own all the capital (factories, tools etc)

• They also get all the profits.

• They can reinvest the profits in the company or remove it and pay themselves.

Marx’s View on Capitalism

• Proletariat – These are the workers and get paid a wage.

• They get no share in Company profits.

• At the mercy of the Bourgeoisies.

• The goal of the Bourgeoisie is to reduce the costs of production and pay as little as possible.

Term “Dictatorship of the Proletariat”

• A “dictatorship of the proletariat” will be created to organize the country.

• They will ensure that the gains of the revolt is secured from the capitalist.

• Most “Communist regimes” have only achieved this.

PersonVladimir Lenin

• Lenin was leader of the Communist Bolshevik party.

• Aided by Germany because he wanted Russia to get out of the war.

• Party increased from 26000 to 2 million

• Created a military group called the red Guards

November 1917

• Lenin and the Bolsheviks seize power in a revolution.

• Lenin gives all land to the peasants

• Factories are given to the workers who elect a committee to run them.

Term: Dictatorship of the Proletariat

• Lenin sets up a Dictatorship of the Proletariat

• Kills all political opponents including the tsar

• Education increased• Religion banned in schools, priests

prosecuted• Labour laws include 8 hour days, health

benefits, Holidays, pension mandatory

Terms: Yalta Conference

Yalta Conference

• The three leaders met at Yalta, Soviet Union.

• Germany was to be defeated and disarmed.

• Split into four zones of occupation given to the Allies.

Yalta Conference

• Eastern European countries were to have free elections.

• The USSR was to join the war against Japan.

• United Nations set up.

• Germany was to pay reparations, Stalin wanted a large fixed sum the Allies would not agree with.

Term: Potsdam

Potsdam Conference

• Occupation zones decided.• Nazi party banned and were to be tried as

war criminals.• For reparations each power was to collect

industrial equipment from its zone. USSR zone was mostly agriculture.

• Germans living in Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia were to return to Germany.

Tensions after Potsdam

• Truman replaced Roosevelt after his death.

• Stalin invited non communist leaders in Poland to the Soviet Union and imprisoned them. Communists replaced them in Government.

• Truman did not tell Stalin about plans to drop bomb on Japan.

Tensions after Potsdam

• Truman was suspicious since USSR had the largest army in the world.

• USSR was developing its own atomic Bomb.

• Truman believed Stalin was influencing Eastern Europe to become communists.

Term: Truman Doctrine

• U.S. President Harry Truman believed that is was the responsibility of the U.S. to prevent the spread of Communism in the world.

• Change in foreign policy from isolationism which was practiced throughout the two world wars.

UN InvolvementTerm: Domino Theory

• Truman was afraid that if Korea fell to Communism than so would Japan and other Capitalists countries. (Domino Theory).

• 16 countries supported the UN invasion of Korea including Canada.

• Truman chose General Macarthur to lead the force.

Term 38th Parallel

• They meet at the 38th parallel (latitude) and divided the country in two.

1st phaseTerms: Macarthur, Yalu river

• June – Sept.• North Korea pushes

the South all the way back to a small corner of the country called Pusan.

2nd phase

• Macarthur organised a landing at Inchon.

• Effectively surrounds N Korean troops.

• Despite China’s warnings they cross the 38th parallel.

3rd phase

• US ignore China and push all the way to the Yalu River.

• This borders with China.

• Macarthur ignored Truman’s orders and began to approach the Yalu.

• China enters the war.• Pushes the force

back past the 38th parallel.

• Un counter Attack drives them back to the 38th parallel.

• Armistice signed in 1953.

Rhee and Macarthur

• Sigmund Rhee - U.S supported Leader of South Korea, Capitalist.

• General Macarthur – General made famous after war in the pacific. General in charge of the Korean War.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Person Fulgencio Batista

• In 1950, Cuba was ruled by a ruthless dictator Fulgencio Batista.

• He killed all opponents and used the military to support his rule.

Batista Government

• Capitalist government.

• Military supported by the U.S

• He and members of his government were very rich while the rest of Cubans were poor.

• Disliked Communists.

Batista Government

• The capital, Havana, was treated as a playground for rich Americans.

• It was controlled by American Italian Mafia Leader Lucky Luciano.

• Lucky set up a cocaine operation and ran casinos.

Batista Government• Was also used to hide money from illegal

activities in the U.S.

• Many Americans set up factories in Cuba to take advantage of local resources like sugar cane and tobacco. Ex. Palmolive – Colgate.

• This resulted in many rich Americans and very poor citizens of Cuba

Cuban RevolutionPerson: Fidel Castro

• Fidel Castro was a lawyer and was appalled at the corruption for the Batista government.

• Received support through educating the poor on the corruption of the government.

• He joined forces with Che Guevara and organised an army which overthrew the Batista government.

Castro Regime

• Castro’s first business was to execute all the corrupt government officials that abused the poor.

• Then he nationalised all the foreign American assets.

• Wealth was to be invested in Cuba.

• With this money he set up free health care.

Term: Bay of Pigs Invasion

• Cuba has fell to Communism and Castro is allied with the USSR because of the trade embargo.

• Kennedy could not have a communist ally 50 miles off the coast of Florida.

• Many people who did not agree with Castro and Communism fled the country and became exiles.

Bay of Pigs 1961

• Kennedy decided to get the CIA to train the exiles and plan an invasion of Cuba.

• Exiles taking country back sounds a lot better than a US invasion.

• The invasion was a great failure and Castro captured and jailed many of the exiles.

Results of Bay of Pigs 1961

• Because of this Castro felt threatened and allied closure with the USSR.

• He needed them for protection.

• Allowed Russia to install military bases.

• Russia began shipping weapons into Cuba.

Khrushchev and Gulag

• Khrushchev Leader of the Soviet Union during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

• Policy of “Destalinisation” throughout Russia and told of the Gulag Prisons.

• Gulag – Prisons and Labour camps Stalin created to deal with anyone who opposed him.

Détente, Hotline, MAD

• Détente – Time of peace or settling of tension during a conflict.

• Hotline – direct line of communication which was set up after the Cuban Missile crisis between the USSR and the USA.

• MAD – Mutually Assured Destruction – Theory which states that if one country attacks with a Nuclear weapon then the other would counter, this would continue until both countries are destroyed.

Short Answer 1. Marshall Plan

• Truman believed Communism grew in countries in poverty.

• Many governments were struggling to rebuild after the war.

• They realised that if they built up Europe now, they could have a trading partner for life and keep it from falling to communism.

• Created by General George Marshall

Marshall Plan

• The USA offered money, equipment and goods to states willing to work together to create recovery.

• Included cash machinery, food and technology.

• In return, they would agree to buy American goods and allow American to invest capital in their in their industries.

Results

• 16 nations set up the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation.

• In 1953 US gave 17 billion

• Increased tensions and divide between East and West.

• Stalin prevented Soviet countries from engaging in the plan.

Results

• Stalin accused the USA of using the plan for their own selfish interests

• Plan to dominate Europe and help the American Economy.

Short Answer Question:2. Berlin Blockade 1948-49

Berlin BlockadePolitical Divisions

• After Potsdam Berlin was divided between West (allied controlled and East USSR controlled.

• West was capitalist democracy and East was Socialist.

Berlin Blockade Reconstruction Differences

• Allies wanted to rebuild Germany to be a strong country.

• Wouldn’t fall to Communism

• Create a trading partner

• Act as a shield against the spread of communism in Europe

Berlin Blockade Reconstruction Differences

• USSR wanted a weak Germany that would be incapable of an attack.

• USSR refused to let their zone trade with the Western allied zone (West Berlin)

Berlin BlockadeConflict

• Since Berlin was in Soviet zone, they controlled all access to city.

• Believed the Allies had no business in Berlin since it was in the Soviet zone.

• U.S put up a military base.

• Capitalist way of life was on show as the U.S tried to make their zone better.

Question 2 Berlin Blockade

• In protest, Stalin decided to restrict access to Berlin by the Allies.

• Hoped to get the allies to pull out of Berlin by starving the people.

• Abandon plans to develop Germany

• Eventually the people would turn to him and switch to Communism and create one city.

Berlin BlockadeWestern Options

• Ignore and drive through Blockade.

Advantages: 1)Show the Russians the U.S could not be blackmailed.

2)They were the only ones with an A bomb.

Disadvantages: 1)High risk of War

2)Russian forces outnumbered U.S forces in Europe.

Berlin BlockadeOption 2: Pull Out of Berlin

Advantages:

1) Avoid any risk of War

Disadvantages:

1)Loss of prestige (positive reputation) for the Western powers.

2) No one trust the Americans in the future to stand against Communism.

Berlin Blockade Option 3: Supply West Berlin by AirAdvantages:

1)Less risk of War than option 1

Disadvantages:

1) Risky Operation 4000 tons of supplies required daily.

2) Costly to supply by two million people by air.

Short Answer 3. and Terms Socialism v. Capitalism

• Usually 1 party state• Industry and

agriculture owned by the state. People encouraged to work for the common good.

• Classless society with no profit making

• Elections and more than one political party.

• Most industry and agriculture owned by individuals.

• They employ workers and keep all profits made.

• Profits create classes of people.

Terms: Bourgeoisie, Proletariat, Marx

Marx’s View on Capitalism• Communism was a theory by Karl Marx as

a way to organize society fairly.

• Marx saw that capitalism creates classes in society.

• Bourgeoisie are the owners

• Proletariat are the workers

• These two classes will continually be in conflict.

Marx’s View on Capitalism

• Bourgeoisie own all the capital (factories, tools etc)

• They also get all the profits.

• They can reinvest the profits in the company or remove it and pay themselves.

Marx’s View on Capitalism

• Proletariat – These are the workers and get paid a wage.

• They get no share in Company profits.

• At the mercy of the Bourgeoisies.

• The goal of the Bourgeoisie is to reduce the costs of production and pay as little as possible.

1st stage of CommunismRevolt

• Eventually working class (proletariat) will revolt and overthrow the owners (bourgeoisie).

• They will take over ownership of the means of production (factories, land etc.)

• This will dissolve all classes and equality will be achieved.

Term “Dictatorship of the Proletariat”

• A “dictatorship of the proletariat” will be created to organize the country.

• They will ensure that the gains of the revolt is secured from the capitalist.

• Most “Communist regimes” have only achieved this.

Question 4. Kennedy’s OptionsOption 1 Do Nothing

• He could do nothing and ignore the missiles.

• This would have been political suicide and if the Russians had seen this as weakness on his part, they could have taken advantage of it.

• Lose public support and be seen as a weak president.

Option 2 Invasion

• He could order a full scale military invasion of Cuba.

• This would escalate the problem as there were 22000 Soviet troops there.

• Heavy casualties would look bad on the presidency.

• Did not know where all the sites were or if any were operational and would be fired before they were captured.

Option 3 - Air Strike

• He could order an air strike against the missile bases only.

• The problem again would be Russian casualties.

• Air Force was not sure it could deliver pin-point bombing raids on what were relatively small targets.

Option 4 - Diplomacy

• He could call on the Russians to remove the missiles explaining the damage their presence was doing to Russian/American relations.

• However, the Russians were highly unlikely to listen to a ‘polite’ request especially as they even refused to recognise the existence of the missiles at the United Nations emergency meeting on the matter.

Option 5 - Blockade

• He could put a naval blockade around the island - quarantine it - and not allow any more Russian ships to enter Cuba.

• This would still leave missiles on Cuba but the negotiations would continue in the background while publically Kennedy would be seen to be doing something specific.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Short Answer Question 5 Lenin to Stalin

• Lenin dies from multiple strokes in 1924

• Stalin opposed the New Economic Policy of Lenin as it was not Socialism.

• A new class of rich landowners formed called “Kulaks”

Collectivisation• Stalin felt he needed to modernise and

industrialise.• In order for industrialisation to occur there

needs to be modernised farming techniques.

• Greater yield from less work would allow farmers to leave land and go work in factories.

• Modernisation meant using tractors and machines on large farms

Collectivisation

• Stalin took control of small farms controlled by one family and merged them into large plots of land that supported many families.

• The government then gave them tractors and seeds.

IndustrialisationStalin’s Aims

• Security – threatened from Western Nations, needed to modernise the Military

• Prove Communism was right

• Control – Stalin needed to control his country so revolutions did not occur

• Agriculture – Needed to be able manufacture tractors and farm equipment

Term: 5 Year PlansFirst plan 1928-32

• Increase armaments (military) by mining iron, coal and producing steel.

• Take over all private business

• 1929 Stalin ordered it to be completed in 4 years.

5 year Plan2nd Plan 1933 - 37

• Concentrated on consumer goods and housing projects.

• Had to be abandoned because of suspicion around Hitler

• Went back to producing weapons.

5 Year Plan 3rd Plan

• Focused on luxury goods such as bicycles, and radios that were in other industrialised countries.

• Also abandoned when Hitler invaded

Results of 5 Year Plan

• Output – Soviet Union made huge advances to make it the world’s second largest industrial Power

• New industrial centres and towns were built from scratch in the centre of the Union, protected from invasion

• See handout

• Power and transport projects were completed including huge hydroelectric dams

• Urban Population increased by 29 million.

Stalin’s Dictatorship

• Stalin used propaganda to create a “cult of Stalin”

• He had statues and places named after him. (Stalingrad)

• People had to clap when his name was mentioned in meetings

Culture and Censorship

• Stalin reviewed every film and book written to make sure it promoted the country.

• Stories had to celebrate the common working people and the successes of Communism

• Anyone in violation would be sent to Labour camps or “Gulags”

Education

• Children were taught that Stalin was the “Great Leader”

• Students were taught Stalin’s version of History

• Religion was banned and leaders imprisoned

• Stalin was the only one to be worshipped.

Secret Police and Labour Camps

• Stalin created and expanded his secret police force to search out anyone in opposition to his government.

• Guilty people were sentenced to death, exile or hard labour.

• Labour camps called Gulags were set up for prisoners.

• Millions of people were sent to do forced labour.

Purges

• Stalin was always fearful of losing power.

• Used terror in the form of Purges to get rid of any opposition.

• This also helped with labour in mines

Purges 1930-40

• Managers and workers that did not meet the five year plans or talked bad about them

• Kulaks that opposed collectivisation

• 1934 Opposition party members

• 1935 senior communists that may support Other leaders (Trotsky)

Purges

• Ordinary citizens – if someone suspected a neighbour of not supporting the government they could be arrested.

• Children were encouraged to tell on their parents.

• People tortured to confession

• 1 million people in Moscow killed

Purges and Results• 1937 the Red Army – Most senior officers

and officials were killed or sent to Gulags.

• Left the army unprepared against Hitler’s invasion.

• Executed = 1 million

• Died in Camps = 2 million

• In prison = 1 million

• Gulags = 8 million

• These are figures form one year.

Results Continued

• Most of the advantages of Communism was nullified after this.

• Expert scientists, administrators and Engineers were usually sent to “Gulags” or killed.

• People would tell on each other for self interest.

• Stalin even killed members of his own family.

The Road to WarHitler’s Aims

Causes of WW2 Essay Question 2

Cause 1. Treaty of versaille Reversal of the Treaty of

Versailles• Never excepted treaty

• Determined to restore German Pride

• Intended to retrieve the lands lost in 1919

• Build up the armed forces

Unite Germans

• Hitler wanted to unite all German speaking people

• This would create “Greater Germany” in one homeland

• This meant the unification of Germany and Austria (Anschless) which was forbidden in the Treaty of Versailles

• Also unite the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia

Lebensraum

• Means “Living space”• For it’s 85 million citizens it would need

more resources• Would have to invade Poland and west

USSR• Hitler hated the Poles because they were

Slavs• Hitler hated USSR because they were

Communists

German Rearmament1933

• Disarmament Conference – Hitler challenged the other powers to disarm to his level. They rejected.

• Hitler then felt justified in rearming

German Armed Forces

• In 1933 Germany announced they would increase troops to 300,000

• Air force to contain 1000 planes and train pilots.

• 1935 Increased army to 500,000

• Allies met to condemn German Rearmament

• This was called the Stresa conference

Anglo-German Naval Treaty

• This allowed Germany to build a Navy 1/3 the size of Britain and have the same number of Subs.

• This broke the Stresa agreement.

• Allies turned on each other.

2. Appeasement

• Allies did nothing when Hitler took over the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia.

• Did nothing when Hitler began rearming. Including the air force and navy and increasing troops from 300,000

• Did nothing when they allied and took over Austria (anchluss)

• Hitler thought he could get away with anything so moved into Poland which started the war.

Propaganda

• Hitler used film and control of all information in the country to gain the faith of his people. I.E. The People’s Radio

• He created the Hitler youth and taught them to worship Hitler. This would ensure future support.

• Women were taught how to raise the perfect German child according to Hitler’s vision.

Domestic Control

• Hitler controlled all information in the Country.

• Used his SS and stormtroopers to kill and bully any that opposed his views.

• Burned books that spoke against him

• Schools only taught his approved curriculum.

Rwanda

Question 12 long answer 1History

• First colonized by Germany in 1890.

• Germany forced to give it over to Belgium in Treaty of Versailles in 1919.

• Natives made up of two ethnic groups, Tutsi and Hutu who lived together for 600 years.

Hutu Tutsi

• Both groups spoke the same language, shared the same religion, and traded resources.

• Both followed the Belgian chosen leader and thought he was godlike.

• Intermarriages were common between the two.

Differences Hutu Tutsi

• Physically the Tutsi were lighter skinned, thinner and taller than Hutus

• Hutus were shorter and stocky, darker skinned.

• Tutsi were cattle herders, Hutu were famers.

• 85% of people were Hutu, 15% Tutsi

• Large Hutu Majority.

Belgium Influence• Belgium orders the citizens to carry

identity cards stating who was Tutsi and Hutu.

• Belgium viewed the Tutsi as ethnically superior because they had lighter skin, were taller.

• Tutsi were richer since they had cattle.• Gave privileged jobs and government

positions to Tutsi.• This angered Hutus as they were the

majority

Conflict

• In 1959 Rwandan Tutsi king dies and Belgium installs another Tutsi king.

• This angered Hutus and a violent revolution resulted.

• Rwanda holds an referendum and vote for independence from Belgium.

Hutu Power

• 1962 First Hutu, Gregoire Kayibanda, elected to power.

• Throughout the 60’s and 70’s Hutus kill and persecute Tutsi and remove them from powerful jobs.

• 2 million Tutsi fled to Uganda, Congo, Tanzania.

• In 1973 military coup installs Hutu General Habyarimana

• He changes constitution that states Tutsi can only fill 9% of government positions.

• Tutsis in Rwanda and all neighboring countries from the Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF) to fight for Tutsi rights.

• 1990 RPF in all countries invade Rwanda.• France and Zaire send troops to stop the

invasion and force a cease fire in 1991.• Hutu Government declares Tutsis as

enemy of the state.• United Nations intervenes to make sure

the cease fire is not broken.• Mission is called United Nations

Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR).

UNAMIR

• 2500 troops

• 370 from Canada

• 400 Belgium

• 800 Ghana

• Canadian Lieutenant General Romeo Dallaire is put in charge of the mission to support Arusha Accords cease fire.

Ethnic Division

• President Habyarimana takes this event to create a Tutsi enemy threat.

• Gave him more support in the country.

• Organized massacres of Tutsi and opposition groups.

• Formed a youth militia called the Interahamwe (those that attack together).

• Interehamwe recruiters offered them food, drugs, freedom to rape, cash.

• Encouraged them to take Tutsi possessions.

•

Hutu Power Radio

• Habyarimana also started the radio station RTLM also known as Hutu Power.

• Used to spread hatred and blame the Tutsi for all problems.

• Called them Inyenzi or “cockroaches”• Also spread hate against UNAMIR and Belgium.• In Burundi, Tutsis murdered the Hutu president

making the Rwandans more frightened.

Hutu Power Radio

• Radio announces that Tutsi should exterminate their neighbours and take their land and possessions.

• False reports of the Tutsi attacking Hutu in rural parts of country led by the RPF.

Civilian Civil Defense Force

• Habyarimana organizes another militia (Civilian Civil Defense Force) of ordinary citizens and gives them clubs and machetes.

• It is now believed that France supplied weapons and training for the Interahamwe and the Civilian force.

Structure

• Habyarimana then kills all local leaders that does not support him and replaces them with his own Hutu leaders.

• Police chiefs, Mayors, government employees all support killing the Tutsi.

• They wait for the signal from the Hutu power radio station.

Dallaire’s Cables• Dallaire captures shipments of weapons

from France (in violation of Arusha Accords) destined for Hutu Government.

• Meets with Interahamwe informant “Jean Pierre” who tells of weapons caches throughout Rwanda.

• Dallaire sends cable (communication) requesting permission to capture weapons and is denied. Forced to tell Habyarimana what he knows.

• Jean Pierre is never seen again

Start

• April 6th 1994 President Habyarimana is killed when his plane is shot down.

• Colonel Bagosora takes charge and orders the military, Interahamwe, Civilian Civil Defense to begin extermination of the Tutsi for self defense.

Strategies

• Organised to kill 1000 every 20 minutes

• Since Rwandans were forced to identify, Hutus knew where they lived.

• Went house to house killing families.

• Local officials order militias to create barriers on roads to prevent Tutsis from leaving.

•

Strategies

• Force Tutsi to go to public buildings (churches, schools, govt buildings) where they are massacred in large scale.

• Women were raped in exchange for their life.

Belgium Deaths

• Once the killings started, Romeo Dallaire sent 10 Belgium peacekeepers to protect the Prime Minister Agathe uwilingiyimana

• She is killed

• Troops are captured, tortured and killed by the Tutsi.

•

Evacuations

• France, Belgium, U.S send 2000 in troops and Military planes to evacuate its citizens in Rwanda, and leave.

• Belgium removed its troops after the deaths.

• Dallaire was left with 270 troops from Canada and Ghana.

• UN ordered Dallaire to leave, he denied the order.

End of Genocide

• The genocide came to an end after the RPF invaded once again.

• Estimated 800,000 Tutsi and Hutu killed in 100 days.

• RPF capture Kigali and form an interim government composed of Tutsi and Hutu.

International Humanitarian Law

Geneva Conventions

Question 12 Geneva Conventions

• Made up of 4 treaties and 3 additional protocols.

• Ratified by 194 countries

• Aim is to set of standard for treatment of victims of war.

• Defines rights of those captured during the war.

• Establishing protections for the wounded

• Addresses protections for the civilians in and around a war zone.

• Henri Dunant wrote a book (Memoir of Solferino) in which he proposed a permanent relief agency for humanitarian aid in times of war

• A government treaty recognizing the neutrality of the agency and allowing it to provide aid in war zones.

• This led to the Red Cross and the Geneva Conventions.

• Dunant became the first recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize.

Basic Rules

1. Attacks must be limited to combatants and military targets

1.1 Civilians may not be attacked

1.2 Civilian objects (houses, hospitals, schools, places of worship

1.3 Using civilians to shield military targets is prohibited

1.4 prohibited for combatants to pose as civilians

1.5 Starvation of civilians as a method of combat is prohibited

1.6 illegal to attack objects that are important to survival (farms, drinking water

1.7 illegal to attack dams, dykes, nuclear power plants

Question 12 Indiscriminate weapons

2. Attacks or weapons which indescriminately strike civilian and military objects and persons, and which cause excessive injury or suffering are illegal

2.1 chemical and bio weapons, blinding laser weapons, weapons that injure the body by fragments, poison, anti personnel land mines.

Examples

• Cluster Bombs and Land mines since they kill civillians and military targets.

• Cluster bomb are canisters tat hold hundreds of little bombs or bomblets

• These litter the land with unexploded bombs that put the lives of children and civilians at risk.

•

Global Inequalities

Developed (First World, North)

• Wealthy countries – good standard of living for citizens

• Industrialized• Health Care• Education available to all people• Low child mortality rates (Canada – 4

deaths/1000 births)• High life expectancy (Canada – age 79M,

81F)• Examples: Canada, United States, Britain,

France, Germany, Australia etc…

Developing World (Third World, South)

• Poorest countries – hunger, poverty, disease • Not industrialized• Health care is limited or non-existent• Limited education • High child mortality rates (Mozambique – 199

deaths/1000 births)• Low life expectancy rates (Zambia – age 37)• Examples: Ethiopia, Vietnam, Haiti, Most

African countries etc…

Facts

• Half the world – just over 3 billion people, live on less than $2.00 a day.

• The wealth of the poorest 48 countries in the world is less than the wealth of the world’s three richest people.

• 30 million people die each year from lack of food.

• Every 3.6 seconds someone in the world dies of hunger; 75% are children.

• Worldwide 250 000 000 children are forced to work.

• 40 000 children die a day from malnutrition and disease.

• 125 million children are not in school – most are girls.

• Over 1 million children a year will become part of the “sex trade.”

Causes of Inequalities

• 1. Colonialism• A policy of conquering and controlling other countries. • Began in the 1500s when the nations of Europe

established colonies in Africa, Asia and South America.• Colonies provided cheap labour and raw materials

(minerals, diamonds, tea, sugar, rubber, etc…) to be sold around the world for huge profits.

• European countries soon became very rich at the expense of the colonies.

• After 1945, most colonies became independent countries – poor and underdeveloped.

2. Neo-colonialism: The Global Economy

• Independent colonies were quickly “invaded” and controlled by multi-national corporations (MNCs) who set up factories or sweatshops.

• Headquarters for these corporations are located in the developed countries.

• MNCs pay factory workers very low wages for products sold at high prices around the world.

• Corporate taxes and environmental restrictions are avoided

• End result:

1. Billions of $$$ for the MNCs

2. Developing countries remain poor and dependant on foreign corporations

3. Debt

• 1970s - developing countries borrowed money from the richer nations

• Agreed to pay the money back with interest

• Due to poverty and high interest rates - repayment was impossible

• For many countries, all extra money went to pay the debt, not towards improving the country.

4. Corruption

• Corrupt governments also keep developing nations in poverty.

• Corrupt leaders promote their interests over the welfare of the people.

• Example: Zaire, 1960s – President Mobutu had 11 palaces, while his people suffered in poverty.