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The Course - Content Science and environmental issues Not an environmentalist activist
perspective Evaluation of environmental issues Careers in environmental science
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The Course - the “process” First year college course Content - The College Board AP Program Lab and field study based learning Less lecture - more independent
responsibility Emphasis on current events
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Goals Goals:
Prepare for APES AP test Critical Thinking: Evaluating issues and “coming to
judgement” Demonstrate and apply sound science and scientific
method Understand environmental issues as interdiscinplinary:
Science, Technology, Society (STS)
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Environmental Science vs. Ecology Ecology - branch of biology Environmental science
Uses natural sciences and social sciences to:assess how earth worksevaluate how were are affecting
earth’s life-support systemsevaluate best ways to to deal with
environmental problems, and hopefully reach sustainability
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Unifying Themes Sustainability and Sustainability
Development What is sustainability? Are our current social/economic systems sustainable? If not, can the global society become sustainable?
Ecological Principle: Everything is connected - there is no such thing as a free lunch
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Four Dimensions to Sustainable Development
Environmental Social
Political Economic
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Sustainability – text definition “An environmental sustainable society satisfies the basic needs
of it people for food, clean water clean air and shelter in the indefinite future without depleting or degrading the earth’s natural resources” (pare 4)
In addition to helping sustain the earth’s life support systems, sustainable development leads to greater economic security, healthier life-styles, and worldwide improvement in the human condition (15)
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Sustainability – Protect your Capital Can all of earth’s population live at or near the
consumption levels of the developed countries? Can technology solve the problems?
Can human societies: Living off of interest, thus not using up capital What are some examples?
Read and analyze: “Natural Capital” by Paul Hawken (page 17)
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Natural Capital – Hawkins (16-17) I: “..cyclic industrial systems work better than linear
ones.” Relate to throughput page 60 Contrast to natural ecosystems
II: Discuss- “Markets are not giving us correct information about how much our suburbs, cars, and plastic drinking water bottles truly cost based on the environmental harm they cause”
III. Discuss: A “more rational economic system “…” is based on the simple but powerful proposition that all capital must be valued .” In your discussion, be surely to clearly “define” and explain natural capital.
IV. Round 2: You are Gary Hardin. If you were in charge of the worlds economy, what are the three most important things you would do?
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Ecological Footprint
Definition: amount of land needed to produce resources needed for a person(or average person) in a country
Compare: developed and developing Compare: Netherlands and U.S. Calculate your footprint
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Can Exponential Growth Continue? Constant Rate but not constant number “A quantity increases by a fixed percentage of the whole in a given time”
Essentially, compound interest Growth at a given rate Doubling time is calculated if rate remains same Number organisms added per unit time increases
Examples: Folding paper Bacteria in a bottle
Read: Current Exponential Growth of the Human Population (5)
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16
15
14
13
12
11 Billio
ns o
f peo
ple
?
?
?
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
02-5 million
years8000 6000 4000 2000 2000 2100
Hunting and gathering
Black Death–the Plague
Time
Industrialrevolution
Agricultural revolution
B.C. A.D.
Exponential Growth
DO NOT POST TO INTERNET
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Human Population Growth Doubling time - rule of 70
70/ % growth rate = doubling time Growth rate is decreasing
1963: 2.1% 2002: 1.28%
BUT, demands for resources growing exponentially Pollution growing exponentially
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World Population Reached
1 billion in 1804
2 billion in 1927 (123 years later)
3 billion in 1960 (33 years later)
4 billion in 1974 (14 years later)
5 billion in 1987 (13 years later)
6 billion in 1999 (12 years later)
World Population May Reach
7 billion in 2013 (14 years later)
8 billion in 2028 (15 years later)
9 billion in 2050 (22 years later)
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World total
Developingcountries
Developedcountries
Po
pu
lati
on
(b
illi
on
s)
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1950
2000 2050 2100
YearFigure 1-4Page 6
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Economic development
Improvement of living standards by economic growth How to measure “living standards”?
Probably best measure: Per Capita GNI PPP Page 4
Developed countries Developing countries
World Night Lights NA night lights
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Per capita GNI PPP, 2001
Low income (Under $2,700)
Middle income ($2,701–$10,750)
High income (Above $10,750)
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Environmental Impact of Human Population
Simplified model (13) population consumption (measured by affluence) technologic impact of unit of consumption
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Resources
Definition Perpetual resources Renewable resources
Sustainable yield How can renewable resources become non-
sustainable?
Nonrenewable resources economic depletion vs actual depletion
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Extending “life” of non-renewables
Reduce Reusing Recycling
What non-renewables cannot be recycled or reused?
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Pollution Definition Natural or anthropogenic Point vs. nonpoint Effects of pollutants (11) Solutions:
Elimination of the waste Prevent from reaching environment Five R’s: refuse to use, replace, reduce, reuse.
Recycle
Is dilution a solution to pollution? Maybe sometimes? Maybe not??
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Pollution Cleanup (output control) (11)
Cleanup after produced Problems
Temporary bandage – as long as population continues to grow
Removes from one location, but puts pollutant into another (eg, scrubbers)
Dispersal – low concentrations, almost impossible to cleanup
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Tragedy of the Commons Activity
Activity: In notebook, keep track of data after each round (everyone fishes) Round 1: NO talking – fishing isolated from all
team members 10 seconds to fish Fish replace 1 for every two remaining; less than four,
population eliminated Cup more than ½ full, fish exceed carrying capacity.
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Tragedy of the Commons Activity
Round 2: NO talking – fishing isolated from all team members
SAME rules as round 1: better technology Round 3: Discuss before beginning – may
talk throughout activity 10 seconds to fish Fish replace 1 for every two remaining; less than four,
population eliminated Cup more than ½ full, fish exceed carrying capacity. CHOOSE “technology”
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Global Issues
Awareness began in 1980’s Acid precipitation
Ozone depletion Global climate change Ocean pollution and depletion of fish
resources
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Global Atmospheric Changes
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Globalization
World becoming more integratedEconomic
1970-2002: 7,000 to 60,000 transnational corporations
Communication and informationPollutants
Acid precipitation, climate change, ozone depletion, depletion of ocean resources
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What are the key environmental problems? (12)
Diagram page 12
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Causes of environmental problems (12)
Rapid population growth Unsustainable resource use Poverty Cost of economic goods excludes costs of
pollution Not enough knowledge about complex
natural systems Think of the “Precautionary Principle”
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Optimism or pessimism - Experts disagree
Political viewpoint Economics World views
How serious is an environmental problem? What can be done?
What is economic impact of reducing pollution or resource use?
Are technologies available? Who gains and who losses?
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Good news
Global food production outpaced global population growth since 1970
Pollution growth rate is reduced worldwide
Infant mortality decreased worldwide In developed countries: cleaner
water and airMuch more interest and concern
about environmental issues
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Bad News Pollution in developing countries increased –
clean water a big problem Exponential increase in use of most natural
resources Population still increasing in developing
countries Global climate change Gulf between rich/poor widening Global decrease in biodiversity Economic systems do not incorporate pollution
costs Globalization
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How can governments reduce pollution
Incentives: subsidies and tax write-offs Regulations, fines, taxes
Require pollution cleanup Research funds Education Developed world provide model for
developing Reduce or eliminate loans for developed
countries
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Interactions: nature and humans
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Conventional vs. Ecological Economists ( 693-697)
Conventional Economic systems independent of natural systems Human technology/ingenuity will deal with shortages and
destruction of biodiversity
Ecological economics – Hawkin’s ideas Economic system subsystem of environment
Natural capital supplies and maintains economic systems
Environmentally sustainable economic development Economic system “mimics” natural systems Recycling Not depleting earth’s net primary productivity Living off ecological income, not the capital
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An Alternative: Environmental Accounting
Subtract from GNI things that lead to a lower quality of life and resource depletion
Add things that enhance environmental quality and human well-being
Problem: how to determine the value of such environmental indicators
NOTE: today's GNI does not account for environmental/human externalities – only dollar costs and benefits (income)
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External Costs (697-700)
Costs not incorporated in the final consumer cost of product Thus, Hawkin’s “improper accounting”
Costs passed on to public and maybe future generations
Problem: Can they be quantified? Some quantifiable, some difficult to quantify
Who in society “pays” more of these externalities?
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Internalizing External Costs Consumer pays FULL cost of production of a
product. (Hawkin: all “information” incorporated into the cost of the product)
Preventing pollution more profitable than cleaning it up
Methods Taxes for pollution
Example: proposed carbon taxes Regulations requiring pollution controls and of
mitigation damaged environments Eliminate subsidies for resource extraction
Problem: direct cost of many services and products would rise
Problem: Law of diminishing returns (graph 26.10)
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Environmental Worldviews
Based on person’s beliefs and values “Facts” interpreted, conclusions reached
based on worldview Worldviews become a “window” through
which “facts” interpreted and decisions made Two basic worldviews:
Planetary management Environmental wisdom worldview`
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The next 50 years
What is each individuals role? “Never doubt that a small group of
thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. Indeed,it the only thing that ever has.” Margaret Mead
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Chapter 2
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Environmental philosophies
Conservationism Preservationism
(Read: “How should …Conservationists” on 32)
Stewardship “Modern” environmentalism Globalism
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Conservationism
Pragmatic or utilitarian resource conservation George Perkins Marsh
Man and Nature, 1864 Warned of the ecological and economic
consequences of “frontier” mentality
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Conservationism and forest preserves
Roosevelt and PinchotForests should be saved “not because
they are beautiful or because the shelter wild creatures of the wilderness, but only to provide homes and jobs for people”
Turning point: Forest Reserve Act of 1871
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National Forest Service and Soil Conservation Service (in Dept. of Agr.)
Multiple use Sustainable yield
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Preservationism
John Muir Fundamental right of other organisms to exist “The world, we are told, was made for man…
Nature’s object in making animals and plants might possibly be first of the happiness of each one of them…Why ought man to value himself as more than an infinitely small unit of one great unit of creation?”
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Preservationism and National Parks
National Park Service 1916 (Dept of Interior) Yellowstone National Park – 1872 – American
Forestry Association Protection of all organisms, with humans
“onlookers” – no multiple use
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Soil Conservation
Dust bowls and Grapes of Wrath Soil Conservation Service - 1935
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Stewardship
Modern ecology, with philosophical “underpinning”
“That land is a community is the basic concept of ecology, but that land is to be loved and respected is an extension of ethics.” ..Aldo Leopold
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A Sand County Almanac – A Land Ethic The land ethic simply enlarges the boundaries
of the community to include soils, waters, plants, and animals, or collectively: the land.
The land ethic changes the role of Homo sapiens from conqueror of the land-community to plain member and citizen of it.
We abuse land because we regard it as a commodity belonging to us. When we see land as a community to which we belong, we may begin to use with love and respect.
Anything is right when it tends to preserve the integrity , stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong it tends otherwise
Leopold, Aldo: A Sand County Almanac, and Sketches Here and There, 1948, Oxford University Press, New York, 1987, pg. 204.
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Environmentalism
Rachel Carson: Silent Spring 1962
Effect of DDT in the food chain
Earthday- 1970
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Modern Environmentalism (30)
Relationships between population growth, resource use, and pollution
1969 – photograph from space – “Spaceship Earth”
Many laws, agencies, environmental organizations established between ‘68 and late-’70s
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Successes of the Environmental Movement
Environmental protection agency Environmental laws Pollution abatement Species saved from extinction Habitat protection Environmental education
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Key Environmental Laws
Wilderness Act – National Wilderness System 1970 – National Environmental Policy Act –
Requires Environmental Impact Statements 1970 – Clean Air Act 1970 – EPA Established 1972 – Marine Mammal Protection Act 1973 – Endangered Species Act 1977 – Clean Water Act 1980 – Superfund law (CERCLA) 1987 – Montreal Protocol
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Global Environmentalism
Acid precipitation Nuclear accidents – TMI and Chernobyl Ozone depletion “International Convention of Biological
Diversity” – 1991 Kyoto agreement – 1997 Today – globalization of world markets – can
countries control their own destinies?
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What role will science play? True or False Concerning the Process of Science
Science is incapable of providing absolute proof for any theory.
The process of science can be used to test value judgments.
Some observed phenomena may not lend themselves to controlled experiments.
Science is capable of predicting the future.
Does science provide a framework for understanding complex ecological systems and potential impacts on those systems?
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Junk Science
Presentations of selective results Public distortions of scientific works Publication in quasi-scientific journals Funding of “biased” science