Content Marketing: the customer-centric Copernican revolution
The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making...
-
Upload
stuart-black -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
0
Transcript of The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making...
![Page 1: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Copernican revolution
![Page 2: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Discussion
What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing to do?
![Page 3: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Second Simplest Universe
• Stars unchanging and fixed to the celestial sphere
• Celestial sphere rotates about Earth moving east to west once a day carrying the Sun, Moon and planets with it.
![Page 4: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Third Simplest Universe
• Sun, Moon, and planets are carried east to west along with rotation of celestial sphere
• Sun, Moon and planets move more slowly west to east against celestial sphere each at a different rate on a sphere of their own
![Page 5: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Ptolemy’s explanation for retrograde motion
• Each planet moves on a small circle called and epicycle.
• The center of each epicycle moves along a larger circle centered near the Earth called a deferent.
![Page 7: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Ptolemaic system
• Very successful at predicting positions of the planets but was not perfect
• Offered no explanation of why the planets moved on deferents and epicycles
• There was no relationship between period of revolution and epicycle size
![Page 12: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Heliocentric model
Aristarchus – 3rd century BC
Reintroduced by Copernicus in 16th century
![Page 13: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Heliocentric model
• Sun at the center• Diurnal motion explained by rotation of the
Earth • All the planets including Earth revolve
about the Sun in circular orbits with different speeds
![Page 15: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Advantages of heliocentric model
• Provides natural explanation of retrograde motion.
• Provides natural explanation of motion of Mercury and Venus as inferior planets, i.e. their orbits are interior to that of the Earth.
• Provided a relationship between distance from Sun and orbital period.
![Page 16: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Discussion
Why do you think the heliocentric model rejected?
![Page 20: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Disadvantages of the heliocentric model
• Still required epicycles• Was no better at predicting planetary
positions• No stellar parallax observed
![Page 21: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Tycho Brahe’s Epilepsy Medicine:
The basic substance is the head of a person who has been hanged or otherwise executed. The head should be dried and crushed together with peony seeds to a powder. This medicine should not be taken at the full moon.
![Page 25: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Tycho Brahe showed that the celestial sphere could change
• Tycho’s supernova of 1572 – showed that this new star had no parallax and thus was more distant than the Moon
• Comet of 1577 – showed that it too was beyond the distance of the Moon
![Page 26: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Kepler’s first law of planetary motion
The orbit of a planet about Sun is an ellipses with the Sun at one focus.
![Page 36: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Kepler’s Second law of planetary motion
A line drawn from the planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time.
![Page 39: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Kepler’s third law of planetary motion
The square of the sidereal period is equal to the cube of the semimajor axis of the orbit.
![Page 41: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Advantages of Kepler’s model
Allowed near perfect ability to predict planetary positions
![Page 42: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Disadvantages of Kepler’s model
No explanation as to why planets moved according to his three laws
Still no parallax
![Page 43: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Galileo
![Page 44: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Galileo’s Observations
• The Sun had spots which were considered imperfections
• The Moon had mountains and valleys• The Milky Way resolved into countless stars• Jupiter had four moons that clearly orbited
it and not the Earth• Venus had phases
![Page 46: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Discussion
Why is the discovery of Jupiter’s Moons important to the Copernican model?
![Page 53: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Jupiter acted like a smaller version of the Solar System
• Jupiter is bigger than its four moons and the moons orbit it
• Jupiter’s moons orbit with periods that are longer for those moons that are furthest from the planet
![Page 54: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Explain why the observations of the phases of Venus prove that Venus must orbit the Sun. Why is this different than the Moon, which also has phases but orbits the Earth?
Discussion
![Page 56: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Newton
![Page 59: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Newton’s Universal Law of Gravity
• Every mass attracts every other mass through a force called gravity
• The force is directly proportional to the product of their masses
• The force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
![Page 60: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
221
d
MMGF
![Page 61: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
![Page 62: The Copernican revolution. Discussion What is the simplest universe imaginable: one where making predictions about the future would be the easiest thing.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ebf5503460f94bca3f4/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Argument by analogy
If Earth is a planet orbiting the Sun just like the other planets, than the other planets are just like the Earth.
All planets have life and humans living on them.