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The Components of the System Unit
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Objectives Overview
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Objectives Overview
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The System Unit
• The system unit is a case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process data
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The System Unit
• The inside of the system unit on a desktop personal computer includes:
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The System Unit
• The motherboard is the main circuit board of the system unit– A computer chip contains integrated circuits
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Processor
• The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer– Contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit
(ALU)
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Processor
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Processor
• The control unit is the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer
• The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and other operations
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Processor
• For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which comprise a machine cycle
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Processor
• Most current personal computers support pipelining– Processor begins
fetching a second instruction before it completes the machine cycle for the first instruction
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Processor
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Processor
• The leading manufacturers of personal computer processor chips are Intel and AMD
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Processor
• A processor chip generates heat that could cause the chip to burn up
• Require additional cooling– Heat sinks– Liquid cooling
technology
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Processor
• Parallel processing uses multiple processors simultaneously to execute a single program or task– Massively parallel processing involves hundreds or thousands
of processors
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Data Representation
• ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is the most widely used coding scheme to represent data
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Data Representation
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Memory
• Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data
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Memory
• Each location in memory has an address• Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K),
megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB)
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Memory
• The system unit contains two types of memory:
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Memory
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Memory
• Three basic types of RAM chips exist:
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Memory
• RAM chips usually reside on a memory module and are inserted into memory slots
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Memory
• The amount of RAM necessary in a computer often depends on the types of software you plan to use
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Memory
• Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer because it stores frequently used instructions and data
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Memory
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Memory
• Flash memory can be erased electronically and rewritten– CMOS technology provides high speeds and consumes
little power
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Memory
• Access time is the amount of time it takes the processor to read from memory– Measured in nanoseconds
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Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards
• An expansion slot is a socket on the motherboard that can hold an adapter card
• An adapter card enhances functions of a component of the system unit and/or provides connections to peripherals– Sound card and video card
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Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards
• With Plug and Play, the computer automatically can configure adapter cards and other peripherals as you install them
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Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards
• Removable flash memory includes:– Memory cards, USB flash drives, and PC
Cards/ExpressCard modules
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Ports and Connectors
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Ports and Connectors
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Ports and Connectors
• On a notebook computer, the ports are on the back, front, and/or sides
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Ports and Connectors
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Ports and Connectors
• A USB port can connect up to 127 different peripherals together with a single connector– You can attach multiple peripherals using a single USB
port with a USB hub
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Ports and Connectors
• Other types of ports include:
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Ports and Connectors
A Bluetooth wireless port adapter converts a USB port into a Bluetooth port
A smart phone might communicate with a notebook computer using an IrDA port
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Buses
• A bus allows the various devices both inside and attached to the system unit to communicate with each other– Data bus– Address bus
• Word size is the number of bits the processor can interpret and execute at a given time
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Buses
• Expansion slots connect to expansion buses• Common types of expansion buses include:
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Bays
• A bay is an opening inside the system unit in which you can install additional equipment– A drive bay typically
holds disk drives
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Power Supply
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Putting It All Together
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Putting It All Together
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