The Common Foe

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The Common Foe

Perceptions of Persia and Macedon in Demosthenes' public speeches.

Mounir Lahcen

3359859

31-03-2011


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Index

Introduction 3

Chapter I: Settin the Sta e !

Chapter II: "er#ian "rominence 8

Chapter III: Mea#urin Macedon 21

Chapter I$: %n %&'&ard %((iance 2)

Conc(u#ion 33

*i+(io raph, 35

2


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Introduction

%# i# e ident .rom the tit(e a+o e/ the concept o. a common .oe i# the #u+ ect o. thi# e##a, Thi#

phra#e denote# the #ocio(o ica( imp(ication that peop(e &ho identi., them#e( e# a# a communit,

o.ten indu( e in the portra,a( o. an externa( communit, a# di..erent/ or other / &hich ha# the

potentia( to (ead to a po(ari ation +et&een u# and them It i# #a.e to #a, that thi# concept i#

em+edded in human nature/ .or &e ha e encountered it con#tant(, acro## the a e# #ince the da&n o.

ci i(i ation 4ur pre#ent-da, communit, i# #ure(, no exception Spea'in .or the ether(and#/ &e

#ti(( .ind a #uper.icia( animo#it, to&ard# 6erman, on the +a#i# o. act# done in the pa#t Ta'in a

+roader ie&/ the ordinar, citi en# o. the 7e#t #ti(( en o, re ardin the .ormer So iet #phere a#

+ac'&ard#/ and to portra, it# inha+itant# a# od'a-#(urpin mon re(# The (ate#t addition to the

other# i# certain(, the I#(amic midd(e-ea#t/ &hich i# common(, #een a# mo#t(, con#i#tin o.re(i iou# .anatic# &ho#e prime purpo#e in (i.e i# the de#truction o. the 7e#t

eed(e## to #a,/ the#e ie are .ar .rom rea(i#tic ident(, that i# not their purpo#e rather

the, are in#trumenta( in de.inin one # communit, er, communit, i# inherent(, ethnocentric/ and

the #uppo#ed exi#tence o. a common .oe i# hi h(, a(ua+(e in #tren thenin a common identit,

Thi# i# not hard to under#tand it i# ea#, to exto( one # o&n irtue# +, ho(din de radin ie o.

tho#e &ho do thin # other&i#e There.ore it i# hard(, #urpri#in that it i# extreme(, di..icu(t/ i. not

impo##i+(e/ to .ind a communit, that doe# not ha e a common .oe o. #ort# pro ided the, ha e'no&(ed e o. other communitie#

Thi# e##a, &i(( concentrate on the a.orementioned thematic in the context o. .ourth-centur,

%then# Throu h the e,e# o. ;emo#thene# e #tate# that

amora( ca(cu(ation# o. intere#t


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attri+uted to the threatenin ri#e to prominence o. "hi(ip II o. MacedonA

In order to .u((, under#tand ;emo#thene# perception#/ a #hort hi#torica( context i# nece##ar,

a ain#t &hich ;emo#thene# ie ma, +e ud ed &hat &a# the common 6ree' attitude to&ard#

the "er#ian empireA Thi# &i(( +e the #tartin point o. the e##a,/ a.ter &hich ;emo#thene# pu+(ic

#peeche# &i(( +e treated in chrono(o ica( order &ith a c(ear empha#i# on hi# depiction# o. "er#ia

Chapter I: Settin the Sta e

To recon#truct the common 6ree' attitude to&ard# the "er#ian empire accurate(, i# a hi h(,

pro+(ematic ta#' Immediate(, one i# con.ronted &ith a ariet, o. di..icu(tie# &a# there #uch a

thin a# a common 6ree' attitudeA To &hat extent do our #ur i in (iterar, #ource# repre#ent the

conception# o. the pro er+ia( man in the #treetA >o& deci#i e are po(itica( .actor# in the creation o.an identit, o. the "er#ian other / a# oppo#ed to cu(tura( .actor#A To addre## the#e pro+(em#/ and

re(ated di..icu(tie#/ ade?uate(, and in detai( i# a #u+#tantia( re#earch on it# o&n/ and I #ha(( ma'e no

pretence# o. accomp(i#hin #uch a .eat in the .e& &ord# de oted to thi# #u+ ect >o&e er/ it i#

po##i+(e to #'etch a conci#e o er ie& o. the dominant 6ree' attitude# to&ard# "er#ia In .act/ thi# i#

e en mandator,/ .or &e cannot ud e ;emo#thene# perception# to&ard# "er#ia &ithout a proper

context ot on(, &ou(d ;emo#thene# him#e(. +e in.(uenced +, the dominant ie o. "er#ia/ +ut

the #ame app(ie# .or hi# audience/ and an, #ucce##.u( orator &ou(d ha e (itt(e choice +ut to pa, heedto the conception# o. hi# audience Thu# I #ha(( attempt to touch +rie.(, on thi# #u+ ect/ ma'in

a((o&ance# .or the (ac' o. depth

It i# u#e.u( to emp(o, the di#tinction +et&een action-+a#ed and #tatu#-+a#ed perception# in

rou h term#/ a #tate # attitude and conduct to&ard other #tate# can depend on &hat the, do

"er#ia/ &hich i# re.(ected in +oth (iterar, and archaeo(o ica( e idence >erodotu# i# our prime

(iterar, #ource on the "er#ian 7ar# in hi# >i#torie# he #et out to en#ure that the mar e((ou# deed#

done in the "er#ian 7ar# &ou(d not +e .or otten in time dt 1 1 1= 3 >o&e er/ he accomp(i#he#

much more than that Throu hout hi# &or'/ one o. hi# recurrin theme# i# the antithe#i# o. .reedom

er#u# #(a er, the .ir#t em+odied +, the 6ree'#/ the #econd +, the "er#ian +ar+arian# >e de#cri+e#

2 "eter >unt/ War, Peace, and Alliance / B2

3 >erodotu#/ Histories &ith an n (i#h tran#(ation +, % ; 6od(e,


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ho& the "er#ian #o(dier-#(a e#/ .ar .rom adept at .i htin / &ere dri en .or&ard +, the &hip# o. their

ma#ter# dt B 223 3= and enera((, .ou ht in con.u#ion and +ere.t o. #trate , dt 8 8)= For a((

their ar antuan num+er#/ the +ar+arian horde had to +ite the du#t &hen en a in in com+at &ith

the +ra e 6ree'#/ &ho .ou ht a(iant(, to pre#er e their .reedom and their &a, o. (i.e/ threatened a#

the#e &ere +, the +ar+arian#Thi# train o. thou ht &a# certain(, not re#tricted to >erodotu# it &a# a(#o e ident in the

architectura( de e(opment# in %then# In !80/ %then# &a# #ac'ed +, the "er#ian# and the pu+(ic

+ui(din # on the %cropo(i# &ere utter(, de#tro,ed To the %thenian#/ thi# &a# #acri(e e o. the mo#t

dire .orm/ and it contri+uted #i ni.icant(, to their contempt o. the#e #a a e +ar+arian# In re#pon#e

to the de#truction/ the, #&ore an oath e((eni#m in hi# da, I#ocrate#

hi# #'i((# a# an orator and #peech-&riter


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o. their popu(ation i# a mo+ &ithout di#cip(ine or experience o. dan er#/

&hich ha# (o#t a(( #tamina .or &ar and ha# +een trained more e..ecti e(, .or

#er itude than are the #(a e# in our countr, ere I#ocrate# empha#i e# the #(a i#h character o. the "er#ian#/ &hich (ead# to theirincapa+i(it, in matter# o. &ar/ a# >erodotu# noted ear(ier The experience# o. the "er#ian

7ar# #ti(( re#onated in the 6ree' &or(d in the ear(, .ourth centur,/ a# i# a(#o e ident +,

I#ocrate# depiction o. the "er#ian# a# natura( enemie# and hereditar, .oe#

7hether I#ocrate# cho#e to exp(oit anti-"er#ian #entiment# .or hi# ad ocatin o. pan-

>e((eni#m i#/ in thi# context/ academic

%nother author &ho pro ide# u# &ith in#i ht# into the common attitude to&ard# "er#ia &a#

Denophon o&e er/ &hen

di#cu##in a pa##a e in Denophon # Agesilaus &here the author contra#t# the (uxur,/ reed/ andde#poti#m o. the "er#ian 'in &ith the moderation/ .airne##/ and u#tice o. % e#i(au# ir#ch ha# to admit that Denophon apparent(, cou(d +rin him#e(. to p(a, upon anti-

"er#ian #entiment# / &hich in turn #a,# #omethin a+out him a# &e(( a# a+out the mood in

contemporar, 6reece 8 The .act that the Agesilaus &a# &ritten a.ter the death o. 'in % e#i(au# II

o. Sparta in 3)0 *C pro e# the (on e it, o. the "er#ian #tatu# a# the oppo#ite o. e er,thin the

6ree' ethnos #tood .or #uch #entiment# &ere apparent(, #ti(( actua( &e(( into the .ourth centur, *C/

re ard(e## o. Denophon # endor#ementSo .ar &e ha e e#ta+(i#hed that the "er#ian #tereot,pe#


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+et&een 6ree'# and their +ar+arian nei h+our# that en#hrined the ne ati e/ #(a i#h #tereot,pe 9 The

theor, he i# re.errin to i# that o. pan->e((eni#m a# em+odied +, I#ocrate#/ +ut a(#o +, Denophon

e erthe(e##/ throu h the (iterar, #ource# and architecture pre#ented here/ &e ain acce## to the

thin'in / or rather pre udice/ o. ordinar, 6ree'# In the &ord# o. Cart(ed e con.irmation that thi#

i# indeed the #tandard ie& i# ea#i(, .ound in a &ide ran e o. %thenian (iterature/ .or examp(e the p(a,# o. %e#ch,(u# and uripide#/ < = and #peeche# de(i ered +e.ore ma## urie# in the %thenian

popu(ar ur,-court# 10

>o&e er/ thi# a##e##ment i# a(( the more remar'a+(e i. &e con#ider the #phere o. practica( po(itic#

the "er#ian monarch had p(a,ed an in.(uentia( ro(e in 6ree' po(itic# #ince the (atter ha(. o. the .i.th

centur,/ and thi# ro(e &a# certain(, not re#tricted to +ein on the recei in end o. dero ator, &ord#

In .act/ there are #e era( examp(e# o. the 6ree'# ,in .or the #upport o. the "er#ian 'in in their

&ar#/ and more o.ten than not #uch #upport cou(d tip the +a(ance in the .a our o. the part, in?ue#tion The mo#t i((u#trati e examp(e i# .ound at the end o. the Corinthian 7ar


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too( to .or e Spartan a#cendanc, in 6reece 13 It i# e ident/ then/ that the ideo(o ica( +arrier

+et&een the 6ree'# and the "er#ian# &a# er, rea( and actua(/ ,et on no account impre na+(e To

return to the princip(e# o. #tatu#-+a#ed and action-+a#ed orientation/ &e can #i ni., that +oth &ere

at &or' #imu(taneou#(, 4n the one hand/ the "er#ian# had the #tatu# o. ?uinte##entia( other

+ar+arian# &ith a(( the ne ati e connotation# imp(ied 4n the other hand/ the 6ree' poleis had notrou+(e (oo'in +e,ond thi# #tatu#/ #ince "er#ia a(#o had the capa+i(it, to pro ide +a(ance-tippin

#upport ;emo#thene# him#e(. a(#o #i ni.ie# thi# trend/ and he #a,# the .o((o&in on the #u+ ect:

%(( durin the pa#t 6reece &a# di ided into t&o camp#/ the Lacedaemonian#

and our#/ and o. the other 6ree'# #ome too' their order# .rom u#/ other# .rom

them The 'in o. "er#ia / in him#e(./ &a# e?ua((, di#tru#ted +, a((/ +ut +, ta'in

up the cau#e o. the (o#in #ide in the #tru (e/ he retained their con.idence unti(he cou(d put them on an e?ua(it, &ith the other# +ut therea.ter he &a# no (e##

hated +, tho#e he had #a ed than +, tho#e &ho had +een hi# enemie# .rom the

+e innin


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exception i# 4ration 12/ &hich i# in .act a (etter o. "hi(ip II o. Macedon %(#o/ mo#t #cho(ar# +e(ie e

that 4ration# B and 1B are pro+a+(, not &ritten +, ;emo#thene#/ #o tho#e &i(( +e omitted here a#

&e(( There are a .e& other #peeche# o. &hich the authenticit, i# di#puted/ mo#t nota+(, 4ration 10/15 +ut I #ha(( a oid an e(a+orate di#cu##ion on thi# #u+ ect/ #a e .or a .e& +rie. note# &hen arri in

at the #peeche# in ?ue#tion Thu# on(, 4ration B and 1B &i(( +e re ected outri ht on round# o.authenticit,

Furthermore/ the &ritten #peeche# a# &e ha e them ma, not corre#pond .u((, to the #peeche#

that &ere actua((, de(i ered 1) ;emo#thene# pro+a+(, prepared hi# #peeche# on paper +e.ore

de(i er,/ and #ince the com.ort o. one # pri ate re#idence di..er# #i ni.icant(, .rom the atmo#phere

o. the "n,x/ &here #ome #ix thou#and citi en# ma, cheer or reproach the #pea'er at &i((/ chance#

are ;emo#thene# ma, ha e had to di re## .rom hi# prepared &or' It i# e?ua((, po##i+(e that

;emo#thene# re i#ed hi# #peeche# .or pu+(ication a.ter he de(i ered them Thi# exp(ain# a .e&'no&n in#tance# o. re.erence# +, other orator# to pa##a e# o. ;emo#thene# #peeche# &hich are a((

+ut a+#ent in the #peeche# a# &e ha e them atura((,/ mar ina( di..erence# +et&een the actua(

&ord# #po'en and the &ritten &ord# &e &or' &ith are +ut a minor incon enience/ +ut a

.undamenta( di..erence &ou(d #eriou#(, compromi#e our u#e o. the #peeche# a# #ource# re.(ectin

popu(ar %thenian thin'in Thou h certaint, on thi# di(emma i# impo##i+(e/ it i# m, con iction that

the di..erence# are pro+a+(, more #uper.icia( than .undamenta( It i# hard to +e(ie e that an, orator

&ou(d et a&a, &ith #a,in one thin in the ''(e#ia/ and pu+(i#hin #omethin comp(ete(,

oppo#ed to it #hort(, a.ter&ard# e en in our pre#ent-da, democracie# thi# i# .ro&ned upon

La#t(,/ #ome &ord# mu#t +e #aid a+out the tran#mi##ion o. the ;emo#thenic corpu# There

are t&o name# particu(ar(, important in thi# re#pect ;ion,#iu# o. >a(icarna##u#


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datin i# hi h(, pro+(ematic #ha(( I touch on the i##ue and expound m, ie

;id,mu# Cha(centeru# ha# pro ided exten#i e commentar, on ;emo#thene# #peeche#/ in

particu(ar to ?ue#tion# o. authenticit, Thou h ;ion,#iu# a(#o touched on thi# #u+ ect/ ;id,mu# i#

the more a(ua+(e #ource in thi# re#pect #ince he name# the #ource# on &hich he +a#e# hi#

conc(u#ion# >i# in#i ht# pro ed tremendou#(, a(ua+(e in (ater time# 7hi(e 4ration 10 &a#enera((, re arded a# non- enuine in the nineteenth centur,/ it &a# ;id,mu# &or' that pro ed

other&i#e and a# #uch &a# the +a#i# o. .urther re#earch out o. &hich a ne& con#en#u# emer ed that

4ration 10 i# mo#t (i'e(, authentic a.ter a(( 19

Thi# conc(ude# the a##e##ment o. the #ource materia( I #ha(( no& proceed &ith the pu+(ic

#peeche# o. ;emo#thene# in chrono(o ica( order/ hi h(i htin the pa##a e# &hich #hed (i ht on hi#

perception# o. "er#ia or other&i#e contri+ute to our under#tandin o. hi# ie on .orei n po(ic,/

inter#tate re(ation#/ ethnic di i#ion# and a(( other matter# that can in.(uence hi# treatment o. the"er#ian mpire

n the Symmories *+


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citi en# re#pon#i+(e .or #uper i#in the na , and contri+utin to the eisphora / the extraordinar,

&ar-tax=/ it pro ide# u# &ith a p(ethora o. in.ormation on ;emo#thene# attitude to&ard# "er#ia It i#

e ident that tho#e &ho #po'e +e.ore ;emo#thene# ar ued .or mi(itar, action/ not omittin the heroic

examp(e# o. hi#tor, ;emo#thene# him#e(. ar ue# .or a more cautiou# po(ic, and &arn# the

%thenian# not to pro o'e the "er#ian 'in / +ut rather to impro e their mi(itar, preparation# .or an, po##i+(e threat %.ter a #hort introduction/ ;emo#thene# continue#:

e

admit# that the 'in i# in .act the common enem, o. the 6ree'# The rea#on he ha# to admit thi#

rather than #tate it/ i# not/ in m, ie&/ the po##i+i(it, that he doe# not actua((, +e(ie e that/ +ut rather

to u#ti., hi# #u+#e?uent in#i#tence on caution I. he omitted an, re.erence to "er#ia a# the common

enem,/ &hi(#t the pre iou# #pea'er# #ure(, &ou(d ha e empha#i ed it/ then hi# po(itica( opponent#

&ou(d not he#itate to accu#e him o. medi#m 23 and +etra,in hi# .e((o& 6ree'# %(#o/ &e mu#t not

.or et that thi# i# in a(( (i'e(ine## ;emo#thene# .ir#t pu+(ic #peech #ure(, he &anted to ma'e a ood

impre##ion and con.irm the conception# o. hi# audience

>e then proceed# to ad i#e caution +ecau#e not a(( 6ree'# #ee "er#ia a# the common enem,

There are tho#e that &ou(d (ad(, #e(( out their .e((o& countr,men to "er#ia .or pri ate ain >i#

audience &ou(d not ha e .ound thi# hard to +e(ie e #ure(, the examp(e# named in the pre iou#

chapter &ou(d not ha e +een a(ien to them %(#o it &ou(d con.irm them in the enera((, accepted

notion that %then# &a# #uperior to other 6ree' citie# 2! Thu#/ ri ht .rom the #tart &e #ee

;emo#thene# +a(ancin ideo(o ica( conception &ith practica( po(itic# "er#ia i# the common enem,

+ut %then# mu#t not #tart a &ar apart .rom the re#t >o&e er/ %then# doe# ha e a re#pon#i+i(it,:

For indeed/ a# re ard# ,our po(ic, to&ard# the in / I #ee that ,ou are +, no mean#

on the #ame .ootin a# the other 6ree'# .or man, o. them it i#/ I #uppo#e/ po##i+(e to

23 The term Medi#m &a# a (in ui#tic (e ac, o. the "er#ian 7ar# The term &a# u#ed in an accu#ator, #en#e a ain#t

tho#e &ho co((a+orated &ith the "er#ian# See .or examp(e Thuc,dide# 1 95 52! 7 o+ert#/ !ity of So rates. An ntroduction to !lassical Athens < e& or' 1998=/ )8

11


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pur#ue their pri ate intere#t# and a+andon the cau#e o. their countr,men/ +ut .or ,ou/

e en &hen &ron ed +, them/ it &ou(d not +e honora+(e to exact #uch a pena(t, .rom

the &ron -doer# a# to (ea e an, o. them under the hee( o. the +ar+arian ere ;emo#thene# e(a+orate# on the ideo(o ica( conception "er#ia i# the antithe#i# o. e er,thin&hat i# 6ree' Thu# %then# ha# a mora( dut, in 'eepin the 6ree'# .ree .rom +ar+arian occupation

en i. #ome 6ree'# &ou(d +e #o narro&-minded a# to pre.er "er#ia to their .e((o& 6ree'#/ to (ea e

them under the hee( o. the +ar+arian i# too har#h a puni#hment The c(a##ica( conception that

"er#ia i# antithetica( to 6reece i# #ti(( er, much a(i e in ;emo#thene# orator, at thi# point/ thou h

he concede#/ rud in (,/ that thi# point o. ie& i# not uni er#a((, #hared/ or at (ea#t practi#ed/

amon the other 6ree'#

>e then continue# to ar ue that %then# #hou(d ma'e mi(itar, preparation# a ain#t +oth their.e((o& 6ree'# and a po##i+(e "er#ian in a#ion/ +ut on no account ma'e an, pro ocation# For i. the

in attac'# 6reece/ then the other 6ree'# &i(( come .(oc'in to %then# in #earch o. aid/ &herea#

i. %then# i# the a re##or/ man, o. the potentia( a((ie# &i(( re.rain .rom (endin an, a##i#tance

a in #poo'ed hi# .e((o& %thenian# enou h &ith the po##i+(, di#a#trou# con#e?uence#

o. i norin hi# ad ice/ he continue# to emp(o, #ome re.ined orator, to do&np(a, the actua( threat

that "er#ia po#e# There are t&o pa##a e# in particu(ar in &hich he ar ue# thi# point that demand

.urther attention %.ter eu(o i in the heroic +att(e o. Sa(ami# e i# +rin in / the, #a,/ o(d in p(ent, *ut i.

he di#+ur#e# it/ he &i(( (oo' in ain .or more .or e en #prin # and &e((# ha e

a &a, o. .ai(in / i. one dra .rom them con#tant(, and (a i#h(, *ut he &i((

hear that our re#ource# con#i#t o. the rata+(e a(ue o. our countr,/ and ho& &e

can .i ht in de.ence o. it a ain#t in ader# .rom hi# (and/ tho#e ance#tor# o. hi#

&ho .ou ht at Marathon +e#t 'no& +ut a# (on a# &e are ictoriou#/ there i#

#ure(, no pro#pect o. mone, .ai(in u#


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domain# >i# next pa##a e carrie# the #ame .ictitiou# #em+(ance:

% ain/ &hat .ri hten# #ome o. ,ouNthat hi# &ea(th &i(( attract a (ar e

mercenar, arm,Ndoe# not #tri'e me a# true For a(thou h I +e(ie e that man,

6ree'# &ou(d con#ent to #er e in hi# pa, a ain#t the ,ptian# and 4ronte#and other +ar+arian#/ not #o much to ena+(e him to #u+due an, o. tho#e

enemie# a# to &in .or them#e( e# &ea(th and re(ie. .rom their pre#ent po ert,/

,et I do not thin' that an, 6ree' &ou(d attac' 6reece For &here &ou(d he

retire a.ter&ard#A 7i(( he o to "hr, ia and +e a #(a eA


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For the o+ ect# at #ta'e in a &ar a ain#t the +ar+arian are nothin (e## than our

countr,/ our (i.e/ our ha+it#/ our .reedom/ and a(( #uch +(e##in # < = Moreo er/

it i# not e en to the in # ad anta e that mercenarie# #hou(d +eat the 6ree'#/

.or the men &ho #ha(( +eat u# ha e +een hi# ma#ter# (on a o o hi# o+ ect i#

not/ a.ter de#tro,in u#/ to .ind him#e(. in the po&er o. other#/ +ut to ru(e a((the &or(d/ i. he can/ or i. not/ at (ea#t tho#e &ho are no& hi# #(a e# ere &e .ind the antithe#i# o. 6reece-"er#ia in it# mo#t unmiti ated .orm "er#ia i# portra,ed a# the

?uinte##entia( other o. e er,thin the 6ree' cu(ture #tand# .or 7hat i# more intere#tin a+out thi#

pa##a e ho&e er/ i# the .act that ;emo#thene# a##i n# an expan#ioni#t ideo(o , to the "er#ian

in he &i#he# to ru(e the &or(d i. he can The a(ue thi# ha# .or con#tructin an a+#o(uteantithe#i# i# hard to undere#timate it add# a .ee(in o. con#tant threat %.ter a((/ it &a# one o. the

.undamenta( a##umption# 6eor e ennan ar ued .or in hi# Lon Te(e ram o. 19!)/ portra,in the

So iet Hnion a# inherent(, expan#ioni#t and in the proce## 'ic'-#tartin the ideo(o ica( +att(e o. the

Co(d 7ar Thu# #uch ar ument# are hi h(, in#trumenta( in di idin the &or(d into mutua((,

exc(u#i e ideo(o ica( #phere#

%pproachin the end o. hi# #peech/ ;emo#thene# once a ain return# to the #u+ ect o. the

.e((o& 6ree'# >e emp(o,# #ome hi#torica( ar ument#/ c(aimin that a# (on a# a(( the 6ree'# &ere

o. one mind in oppo#in the "er#ian in the, cou(d count on man, ad anta e# / +ut a# #oon a#

the, #tarted to approach him a# a .riend the, #u..ered #uch di#a#ter# a# no one &ou(d ha e de i#ed

.or them e((eni#m ad ocatin that "er#ia i# the common enem, and that the

1!


15/37

6ree'# #hou(d approach "er#ia a# the ?uinte##entia( other en thou h thi# i# a(( contra#ted +, hi#

ad ice o. caution/ he i# in#i#tent on ar uin that thi# caution i# +a#ed on(, on practica( po(itic# Thi#

imp(ie# that he &ou(d not he#itate to ad ocate an a((-out &ar a ain#t "er#ia i. a(( the 6ree'# &ere o.

the #ame mind *et&een hi# preachin o. pan->e((eni#m and hi# reca(citrant cautiou# ad ice/ he

mu#t ha e made ?uite an impre##ion

#or the Megalopolitans o#ti(itie#

+et&een Sparta and the %r'adian .ederation/ &hich had Me a(opo(i# .or it# head?uarter#/

continued In 353E2/ en o,# o. the %r'adian .ederation arri ed in %then# to #ee' an a((iance/ #hort(,.o((o&ed +, Spartan en o,# &ho natura((, ar ued a ain#t #uch an a((iance ;emo#thene# c(aim#

impartia(it, he &i#he# to p(ea#e neither part, +ut on(, ad ance %then# intere#t#


16/37

&hen/ a# .ar a# &e our#e( e# are concerned/ &e cou(d per.ect(, &e(( remain at peace e .ir#t came

into con.(ict &ith %then# &hen he +e#ie ed and too' the cit, o. %mphipo(i# in 35B/ &hich had

ori ina((, +een .ounded +, the %thenian# Thou h the cit, had (on #ince a##erted it# independence/the %thenian# #ti(( (aid c(aim to it >o&e er/ %then# did not come to the aid o. %mphipo(i#/ po##i+(,

+ecau#e "hi(ip #aid that he &ou(d hand it +ac' to the %thenian#/ &hich &a# an empt, promi#e i.

true Thi# i# certain(, a po##i+i(it,/ .or "hi(ip # reputation in c(e er dip(omac, +ecame a# (e endar,

a# hi# reputation .or mi(itar, pro&e## %then# did #end am+a##ador# to "hi(ip a.ter&ard#/ and it i#

#u e#ted that in #ecret ne otiation# the, made a dea( to exchan e ",dna .or %mphipo(i# 28 In an,

e ent/ no #uch exchan e too' p(ace In the .o((o&in ,ear#/ "hi(ip continued hi# con?ue#t# in

Thrace and the Thermaic u(./ radua((, dimini#hin %then# in.(uence in the re ion &ith (itt(e to no

re#i#tance


17/37

inacti it, Thou h he doe# not name the "er#ian 7ar#/ chance# are that hi# audience &ou(d ha e

(anced north-ea#t&ard# at hi# &ord# to a e at that rand monument o. the ictor, o er the

+ar+arian# the "arthenon a hu e concrete reminder o. &hat %then# &a# capa+(e o. i. #he #et her

mind to it %nd no&/ another +ar+arian threat ha# ri#en #ure(, a #imi(ar re#pon#e &ou(d +e in orderA

It can +e ar ued that ;emo#thene# imp(ie# that the threat o. Macedon i# #imi(ar to that o."er#ia in da,# (on one/ thou h he i# care.u( not to name it Sti((/ I +e(ie e thi# imp(ication cannot

+e too .ar-.etched/ .or thi# i# not the (a#t time he ma'e# #uch a((u#ion# The rea#on &h, he doe# not

name the "er#ian 7ar# i# +ecau#e he i# +eratin the %thenian# .or their #(oppine##/ and doe# #o &ith

pardona+(e exa eration:

*ut ,ou/ %thenian#/ po##e##in un#urpa##ed re#ource#N.(eet/ in.antr,/

ca a(r,/ re enue#Nha e ne er to thi# er, da, emp(o,ed them ari ht/ and,et ,ou carr, on &ar &ith "hi(ip exact(, a# a +ar+arian +oxe# The

+ar+arian/ &hen #truc'/ a(&a,# c(utche# the p(ace hit him on the other #ide

and there o hi# hand# >e neither 'no nor care# ho& to parr, a +(o& or

ho& to &atch hi# ad er#ar,


18/37

n the #reedom of the hodians e expre##e# hi# #urpri#e that there are tho#e &ho &ou(d #ooner a##i#t the

,ptian# than the hodian 6ree'#/ e#pecia((, #ince it i# the #ame enem, in the +ac' round in +oth

ca#e# %(#o returnin i# hi# appea( to pan->e((eni#m #ure(, 6ree'# mu#t he(p .e((o& 6ree'#O

Thi# pa##a e natura((, remind# o. hi# n the Symmories #peech a .e& ,ear# ear(ier

;emo#thene# i# the (a#t to den, that M, pre#ent #peech/ then/ i# the #e?ue( o. m, .ormer one


19/37

i#/ I thin'/ a &ron one +ut i. ,ou .ee( that in the cau#e o. u#tice

,ou are +ound to o to &ar and .ace the con#e?uence#/ then/ in the

.ir#t p(ace/ the more ,ou are determined on #uch action/ the (e##

.re?uent(, &i(( it +e nece##ar,/ and #econd(,/ ,ou &i(( +e #ho&in

the proper #pirit


20/37

"hi(ip in thi# #peech a# he ha# nothin to do &ith the #u+ ect at hand The .act that ;emo#thene#

choo#e# to do #o an,&a, imp(ie# that "hi(ip/ in the e,e# o. ;emo#thene#/ +ecame increa#in (,

threatenin #o much #o that he i# named in one +reath &ith the "er#ian in Indeed/ a# .ar a#

;emo#thene# &a# concerned/ there &a# (e## o. a di..erence +et&een the#e t&o threat# than the

a era e %thenian mi ht +e(ie eThere i# one (a#t pa##a e in thi# #peech that de#er e# attention/ +ecau#e ;emo#thene#

a((o him#e(. to approach the "er#ian# in a (e## ideo(o ica(/ more pra matic &a, Indeed/ he

undermine# hi# ear(ier remar'# to #ome extent:

The 6ree'# ha e t&o treatie# &ith the in / one made +, our cit,

and commended +, a(( and the (ater one made +, the

Lacedaemonian#/ &hich i# o. cour#e condemned +, a(( and inthe#e t&o treatie# ri ht# are di er#e(, de.ined 4. pri ate ri ht#

&ithin a #tate/ the (a o. that #tate rant an e?ua( and impartia(

#hare to a((/ &ea' and #tron a(i'e +ut the internationa( ri ht# o.

6ree' #tate# are de.ined +, the #tron .or the &ea'


21/37

Chapter III: Mea#urin Macedon

The pre iou# chapter dea(t mo#t(, &ith pa##a e# concernin "er#ia direct(, or indirect(, >o&e er/

in hi# #u+#e?uent #peeche#/ ;emo#thene# #carce(, re.er# to that empire on the other #ide o. the

%e ean Sea/ choo#in in#tead to emp(o, hi# rhetorica( repertoire a ain#t "hi(ip o. Macedon In the

(on run/ thi# ha# c(ear con#e?uence# .or hi# dea(in # &ith "er#ia/ to &hich &e &i(( return in chapter

.our &hen dea(in &ith hi# .ina( #peeche# Thu#/ the current chapter &i(( +e more conci#e than

either the precedin or the .o((o&in chapter/ +ut &i(( rant u# a more thorou h under#tandin o.

the de e(opment o. ;emo#thene# ie& on "er#ia throu h hi# dea(in # &ith "hi(ip o. Macedon

#irst, Second, and "hird lynthiacs


22/37

",dnaean# &ho opened their ate# to him %nd a de#poti#m/ I ta'e

it/ i# a# a ru(e mi#tru#ted +, .ree con#titution#/ e#pecia((, &hen

the, are near nei h+or# ere &e #ee

;emo#thene# +e#to&in onto "hi(ip the ?ue#tiona+(e honour o. +ecomin an ideo(o ica( oppo#ite

he i# a +ar+arian/ he i# a de#pot/ and he i# untru#t&orth, It i# re ea(in that ;emo#thene#

ar ument# .or endo&in "hi(ip &ith thi# #tatu# are e?ua((, app(ica+(e to "er#ia

In the Second lynthiac / ;emo#thene# continue# to +(ac'en "hi(ip # character:

It i# impo##i+(e/ men o. %then#/ impo##i+(e to ain permanent po&er +,

in u#tice/ per ur,/ and .a(#ehood 4nce in a &a, and .or a +rie. #ea#on

#uch thin # endure/ and .ed &ith hope# ma'e/ it ma, +e/ a +ra e #ho&

o. +(o##om/ +ut at the (a#t the, are detected and .a(( to piece# For a

hou#e/ I ta'e it/ or a #hip or an,thin o. that #ort mu#t ha e it# chie.

#tren th in it# #u+#tructure and #o too in a..air# o. #tate the princip(e#

and the .oundation# mu#t +e truth and u#tice There i# no e#ti e o.

the#e toda, in the po&er that "hi(ip ha# +ui(t up ere &e encounter the #ame princip(e a# in the pre iou# pa##a e "hi(ip i# portra,ed a# the

em+odiment o. e er,thin oppo#ed to the 6ree' &or(d The #imi(aritie# &ith "er#ia a(#o

return particu(ar(, hi# u#e o. the &ord# per ur, and .a(#ehood In n the Symmories / &e

ha e #een ho& ;emo#thene# ar ued that the#e t&o .eat# are a# re#pecta+(e to the "er#ian

35 See p 18-19

22


23/37

in a# the, are di# race.u( to the 6ree'#


24/37

"hi(ip/ throu h &hich he comp(ained that the %thenian# &ere +ein untrue to him &ith re ard# to

the peace #co(din "hi(ip .or not 'eepin promi#e# &hich he c(aim# he ne er made >o&e er/

;id,mu# commentar, mention# that there &a# a(#o an em+a##, .rom "er#ia in %then# that ,ear 4n

the#e round#/ Sea(e, mention# the #cho(ar(, de+ate on the o+ ection that #ince there are no

re.erence# to the other em+a##, in the #peech/ it #hou(d +e dated (ater3B

Mac;o&e(( con incin (,ar ue# that #uch o+ ection# carr, (itt(e &ei ht #ince the meetin o. the ''(e#ia &a# concerned &ith

the Macedonian em+a##,/ there i# no rea#on &h, ;emo#thene# #hou(d ma'e an, re.erence# to the

"er#ian em+a##, 38 I .ee( I can #upp(ement thi# ar ument .urther it &ou(d not +e in ;emo#thene#

intere#t to mention "er#ia at thi# point in time Since hi# aim in thi# #ta e &a#/ a# &e ha e #een/ to

e(e ate "hi(ip to the po#ition o. the ne& ?uinte##entia( other/ it &ou(d not +e &i#e to di#tract the

audience .rom thi# aim +, mentionin the "er#ian 'in "hi(ip # predece##or in thi# re#pect

>o&e er/ thi# doe# not pre ent ;emo#thene# .rom #'i(.u((, u#in the 'no&n hi#tor, o. the"er#ian 7ar# to .urther #tren then hi# ar ument a ain#t "hi(ip:

For I #uppo#e he (earn# .rom hi#tor, and .rom report that ,our ance#tor#/

&hen the, mi ht/ at the price o. #u+mi##ion to the 6reat in / ha e

+ecome the paramount po&er in 6reece/ not on(, re.u#ed to entertain that

propo#a(/ con e,ed to them +, %(exander/ an ance#tor o. "hi(ip # (ine/ +ut

cho#e to ?uit their home# and endure e er, hard#hip/ and therea.ter

&rou ht tho#e deed# &hich a(( men are a(&a,# ea er to re(ate/ thou h no

one ha# e er +een a+(e to te(( them &orthi(, and there.ore I #ha(( not +e

&ron in pa##in them o er/ .or the, are indeed reat +e,ond an, man #

po&er o. #peech ere &e .ind a mora( ar ument/ deri ed .rom hi#tor,/ &hich a(#o in#inuate# that the threat to

%then# .rom "hi(ip no& i# compara+(e to the threat .rom the in o. "er#ia (on a o 39 >e te((# the

%thenian# that their ance#tor# &ere o. #uch character that the, &ou(d rather endure e er, hard#hip

than #u+mit to the +ar+arian #ure(, a .eat that e er, %thenian no& #hou(d tr, to emu(ate/ e#pecia((,

#ince it &a# #uch a no+(e .eat that it &a# +e,ond an, man # po&er o. #peech %(#o note ho&

;emo#thene# point# out that it &a# "hi(ip # ance#tor &ho made thi# propo#a(/ contra#tin the proud

re#o( e o. the %thenian# &ith the medi#m o. Macedon

Continuin hi# #peech/ ;emo#thene# a##ert# that %then# i# "hi(ip # chie. ri a(


25/37

c(aimin that a(( o. "hi(ip # intri ue# are in .act aimed a ain#t %then# >e a(#o reiterate# the

untru#t&orthine## o. "hi(ip/ +a#ed on pa#t experience# o&e er/ %then# doe# not need to

.ear/ pro ided the, em+race the .o((o&in #tatement:

*ut there i# one common +u(&ar' &hich the in#tinct o. #en#i+(e men po##e##e# &ithin it#e(./ a ood and #a.e one .or a((/ +ut in a(ua+(e .or

democracie# a ain#t t,rant# %nd &hat i# that +u(&ar'A It i# mi#tru#t

6uard that ho(d .a#t to that I. ,ou pre#er e it/ no harm can touch ,ou

7hat i# ,our o+ ectAK I #aid JFreedom Then do ,ou not #ee that "hi(ip #

er, tit(e# are utter(, irreconci(a+(e &ith thatA For e er, 'in / e er,

de#pot i# the #&orn .oe o. .reedom and o. (a& *e&are/K #aid I/ J(e#t/

#ee'in to +e rid o. &ar/ ,ou .ind a ma#ter


26/37

proce## p(anned out .rom the #tart 7e mu#t +e &ar, o. dra&in #uch conc(u#ion# o.ten their

#trai ht.or&ardne## .ai(# to corre#pond to the comp(exitie# o. hi#torica( rea(it, I. &e mo e to the

other extreme in the #pectrum o. po##i+i(itie#/ the a(ternati e i# that ;emo#thene# proceeded &ith

thi# ideo(o ica( tran#p(ant in an ad-hoc .a#hion/ ma'in it up a# he &ent a(on I thin' thi# ie& i#

much too #imp(i#tic the truth i# to +e .ound/ a# #o o.ten/ in the midd(e/ thou h it i# m, con ictionthat it i# c(o#er to the .ormer than the (atter ;emo#thene# aim/ .rom the #irst Philippic on&ard#/

i# to con ince the %thenian# o. the #i ni.icant threat that "hi(ip po#e# Seein a# hi# practica(

ar ument# .ound (itt(e re#onance in the ''(e#ia/ at (ea#t too (itt(e to con ert them into action/ it i#

(i'e(, that he &ou(d conc(ude that another (ine o. ar ument mi ht +e more .ea#i+(e >e &ou(d

ha e remem+ered the de+ate on the ''(e#ia &hich &a# the occa#ion o. hi# n the Symmories

#peech tho#e &ho #po'e +e.ore him certain(, made much u#e o. ideo(o ica((,-char ed ar ument#

to incite the %thenian# into action a ain#t "er#ia Thu# &e .ind more ideo(o ica( appea(# in;emo#thene# #u+#e?uent #peeche# on "hi(ip Since the Macedonian 'in continued hi# rampa e

in the north/ much to the di#ma, o. %then#/ there &a# a .erti(e round .or con#tructin #uch an

ideo(o ica( +u(&ar' Thu#/ in m, opinion/ thi# &a# pro+a+(, a thou ht-out #trate , +,

;emo#thene#/ &hich .(ouri#hed in the &a'e o. "hi(ip # po(itica( action# a nece##ar, pre-

condition >o&e er/ it mu#t +e admitted that .urther re#earch into thi# po##i+i(it, i# re?uired in

order to achie e a (ar er mea#ure o. certaint, re#earch that un.ortunate(, .a((# out#ide o. the

#cope o. thi# e##a,

Chapter I$: %n %&'&ard %((iance

7e no& approach ;emo#thene# (a#t pu+(ic #peeche#/ he(d +et&een 3!2 and 338 the ,ear o. the

.amou# +att(e o. Chaeronea In man, re#pect# thi# +att(e .orm# the enith o. ;emo#thene#

po(itica( career 7e ha e #een ho& he ar ued .or ,ear# that Macedon &a# an imminent threat

&hich needed to +e oppo#ed/ and in the#e ,ear# the ma orit, o. the %thenian# .ina((, came to#hare hi# opinion The "er#ian mpire a(#o return# in the#e (a#t #peeche# o. ;emo#thene#/ a.ter

+ein a+#ent in the #peeche# treated in chapter three >o&e er/ ;emo#thene# approach to the

6reat in in the#e #peeche# i# mar'ed(, di..erent - indeed a .ar-cr, - .rom the ideo(o ica(

attitude &e ha e #een in the #peeche# treated in chapter t&o

2)


27/37

n the !hersonese


28/37

#peech "hi(ip i# not on(, a threat to the other 6ree'#/ +ut a(#o to the +ar+arian#/ the mo#t

prominent o. the#e o+ iou#(, +ein the "er#ian# There are t&o in#tance# in thi# #peech in &hich he

#peci.ica((, #tate# thi# the .ir#t i# the a.orementioned pa##a e/ the #econd i# the .o((o&in :

+ecau#e ,ou are indi..erent to the#e ad anta e# and a((o& them to +eta'en .rom ,ou/ "hi(ip i# pro#perou# and po&er.u( and .ormida+(e to

6ree'# and +ar+arian# a(i'e/ &hi(e ,ou are de#erted and humi(iated/

.amou# .or ,our &e((-#toc'ed mar'et#/ +ut in pro i#ion .or ,our proper

need#/ contempti+(e o&e er/ there i# no concrete propo#a( to initiate an a((iance &ith the "er#ian# a# o. ,et

Thi# can +e attri+uted to the po(itica( #u+t(et, o. ;emo#thene# a# &e ha e e#ta+(i#hed at the end o.

chapter t&o &hen treadin on potentia((, o(ati(e round/ one had +etter tread care.u((,

"hird Philippic


29/37

that the, #hou(d prepare .or &ar !! There are a(#o ariou# pa##a e# to +e .ound concernin the

+ar+arian# in enera( and "er#ia #peci.ica((,/ in &hich ;emo#thene# continue# hi# reconci(iator,

attitude and indeed expound# on it

The .ir#t re.erence to "er#ia i# .ound re(ati e(, ear(, in the #peech:

Te(( me no&: &hen he #end# mercenarie# to the Cher#one#e/ ,our c(aim

to &hich ha# +een reco ni ed +, the 'in o. "er#ia and +, a(( the

6ree'#/ &hen he admit# that he i# he(pin the Cardian# and &rite# to te((

,ou #o/ &hat doe# he meanA


30/37

o. Macedon thou h it ma, not +e the end o. the &or(d/ one cou(d certain(, #ee it .rom there

(#e&here in the #peech/ ;emo#thene# de#cri+e# "hi(ip +, u#in the phra#e our common

.oe o&e er/ ;emo#thene# doe# #a, that %then# #hou(d #end am+a##ador# in

e er, direction / &hich he #peci.ie# to inc(ude the 6reat in / +ut he immediate(, add# a #peci.ic

rea#on to (e itimi#e thi# inc(u#ion the other area# he name#


31/37

a((iance/ i# re ea(in %pparent(, the time &a# not ,et ri ht .or #uch a darin propo#a(/ thou h in

the "hird Philippic another #tep in thi# direction ha# +een ta'en/ continuin &here n the

!hersonese (e.t o..

#ourth Philippic

The #ourth Philippic +e(on # to the ,ear 3!1/ and &a# pro+a+(, de(i ered not (on a.ter the "hird

Philippic. !5 The exact occa#ion o. the #peech i# not 'no&n/ +ut it i# &ithout a dou+t connected &ith

the ro&in ten#ion +et&een "hi(ip and %then# The authenticit, o. thi# #peech ha# (on +een

di#puted Thi# i# due to the .act that #i ni.icant part# o. the #peech #ho& a #tri'in #imi(arit, to

part# o. n the !hersonese 8 38-)B reappear# in t&o part# a# 10 11-2B and 10 55-B0 !) Thou h the

di(emma o. the authenticit, &a# re#o( ed ear(, in the t&entieth centur, +, the di#co er, o. a pap,ru# .ra ment +, ;id,mu#/ .rom &hich it i# e ident that he had no dou+t# a+out the

authenticit, o. the #peech/ it ha# rai#ed #ome ne& ?ue#tion# The i##ue re o( e# around the

po##i+i(it, that ;emo#thene# added the pro+(ematic pa##a e# in hi# re i#ion o. n the !hersonese /

ta'in them .rom the #ourth Philippic / &hich he ne er intended to pu+(i#h !B >o&e er/ I am more

inc(ined to #ide &ith Car(ier/ &ho c(aim# that commentator# &ho a##ert that the %thenian peop(e

&ou(d not ha e accepted #uch repetition# at a .e& &ee'# inter a( ha e o+ iou#(, ne er .o((o&ed a

po(itica( campai n !8 e ard(e##/ the i##ue remain# and pro+a+(, &i(( not +e re#o( ed #oon a# &e

ha e no &a, o. 'no&in &hether repetition &a# to(erated/ or e en cu#tomar,/ in the ''(e#ia

The #ourth Philippic i# the c(imax o. thi# e##a, 7e ha e #een ho& ;emo#thene#/ in hi#

pre iou# #peeche#/ care.u((, pa ed the &a, .or reconci(iation &ith the "er#ian mpire/ and in the

#ourth Philippic ;emo#thene# .o((o up on thi# cour#e >e doe# #o in #e era( continuou#

pa##a e#/ &hich de#er e to +e ?uoted in .u(( in thi# context:

The one thin that remain# and that ou ht to ha e +een done (on a o/ thou h

e en no& the chance i# not (o#t/ I &i(( te(( ,ou There i# nothin that the State

need# #o much .or the comin #tru (e a# mone, Some #tro'e# o. ood

.ortune &e ha e en o,ed &ithout our de#i n/ and i. &e ma'e the ri ht u#e o.

them/ the de#ired re#u(t# ma, perhap# .o((o& For .ir#t/ the men &hom the

!5 Further preci#ion i# a matter o. continuou# de+ate C. Mac;o&e((/ Demosthenes the rator, 35! Sea(e,/ Demosthenes, 182

!) Mac;o&e((/ Demosthenes the rator, 35!!B Stephen 6 ;ait The e(ation#hip o. the De !hersoneso and the Philippa 5uarta o. ;emo#thene# in: !lassical

Philology 52


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'in o. "er#ia tru#t# and ha# accepted a# hi# J+ene.actor#/K hate "hi(ip and are

at &ar &ith him

Second(,/ the a ent &ho &a# pri , to a(( "hi(ip # #cheme# a ain#t the

'in o. "er#ia ha# +een 'idnapped/ and the 'in &i(( hear o. a(( the#e p(ot#/

not a# the comp(aint o. %thenian#/ &hom he mi ht #u#pect o. #pea'in .orour o&n pri ate ad anta e/ +ut .rom the (ip# o. the er, man &ho p(anned

and carried them out/ #o that their credit i# e#ta+(i#hed/ and the on(,

#u e#tion .or our am+a##ador# to ma'e i# one &hich the 'in &ou(d +e

de(i hted to hear/

that the man &ho i# &ron in +oth partie# #hou(d +e puni#hed +, +oth in

common/ and that "hi(ip i# much more dan erou# to the 'in i. he ha#

attac'ed u# .ir#t/ .or i. &e are (e.t to our o&n re#ource# and an,thin happen#to u#/ he &i(( #oon +e marchin con.ident(, a ain#t the 'in I thin' ,ou

ou ht to #end an em+a##, to put a(( the#e matter# +e.ore the 'in / and ,ou

ou ht to drop the .oo(i#h pre udice that ha# #o o.ten +rou ht a+out ,our

di#com.itureNJthe +ar+arian/K Jthe common .oe o. u# a((/K and a(( #uch

phra#e# ermia# had +een arre#ted and #ent to Su#a ma, ha e reached %then# on(, a .e& da,#

+e.ore the #ourth Philippic &a# de(i ered/ #o that it &a# ?uite topica( 50

e ard(e##/ the#e e ent# #i ni.icant(, impro e %then# chance# at an a((iance &ith "er#ia in

the e,e# o. ;emo#thene# a(read, "er#ian #atrap# &ere at &ar &ith "hi(ip/ and no& that the in

hear# o. "hi(ip # #cheme# a ain#t him .rom an independent #ource/ he #ha(( +e more &i((in to

pre ent "hi(ip .rom #u+duin 6reece Thu# ;emo#thene# pro ide# c(ari.ication here on the a ue

intere#t# o. the in he mentioned in the "hird Philippic

!9 Mac;o&e((/ Demosthenes the rator, 35)50 I+id 35)

32


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Mo#t intere#tin a+out thi# pa##a e i# ;emo#thene# radica( departure .rom the anti-"er#ian

ideo(o , Thi# &a# a(read, anticipated +, hi# (ac' o. dero ator, remar'# in the "er#ian # direction

#ince the lynthiac oration# ear(, in 3!9E8/ and thi# trend .ind it# cu(mination in thi# pa##a e

;emo#thene# ar ue# that the %thenian# #hou(d drop the .oo(i#h pre udice to&ard# the "er#ian 'in /

#uch a# o+#er in him to +e the common .oe o. u# a(( The ideo(o ica( ta+(e# ha e turned in themo#t radica( o. manner# the#e remar'# are a .ar-cr, .rom ;emo#thene# admittance that the "er#ian

in i# the common enem, o. a(( the 6ree'# / to ?uote hi# n the Symmories #peech o. 35!E3


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conc(u#ion o. the "eace o. "hi(ocrate# in 3!) p(a,# a re#pecta+(e part in exp(ainin thi#

In hi# n the !hersonese o. 3!1/ ;emo#thene# in#inuate# that the "er#ian# are

+ein threatened +, "hi(ip a# &e((/ and it i# note&orth, that thi# in#inuation i# u#ed

#parin (, and doe# not (ead to a propo#a( o. initiatin an a((iance &ith "er#ia >o&e er/

there i# no trace (e.t o. the ho#ti(it, a ain#t "er#ia &ith &hich ;emo#thene# #tarted hi# pu+(ic career ot (on a.ter&ard#/ in the #ummer o. 3!1/ ;emo#thene# de(i ered hi# "hird

Philippic in &hich he introduce# the notion o. dip(omatic re(ation# &ith the "er#ian# &ith

re ard# to the Macedonian threat/ thou h he i# de(i+erate(, a ue on &hat the#e re(ation#

#hou(d entai( Thi# i# +ut a +ui(d-up to hi# #ourth Philippic / de(i ered not (on a.ter the

"hird Philippic / in &hich ;emo#thene# direct(, name# the "er#ian in a# a potentia( a((,/

e en oin #o .ar a# to condemn the dero ator, phra#e# &hich the 6ree'# u#ua((, emp(o,

to de#cri+e the "er#ian in phra#e# &hich ;emo#thene# had not he#itated to u#e in hi# po(itica( de+ut Thu#/ throu hout hi# pu+(ic career/ ;emo#thene# perception# o. "er#ia

e o( ed .rom cu#tomar, ho#ti(it, to outri ht .riend(ine##

There can +e (itt(e dou+t that "hi(ip o. Macedon &a# the principa( cau#e o. thi#

e o(ution ;emo#thene# p(ace# "hi(ip on the throne o. the ideo(o ica( oppo#ite a throne

&hich &a# hitherto re#er ed .or the "er#ian in Thi# demon#trate# the #eriou#ne## &ith

&hich ;emo#thene# percei ed the threat .rom "hi(ip hi# +ound(e## am+ition &ou(d ne er

induce him to +e #ati#.ied &ith hi# po##e##ion#/ and thu# hi# con?ue#t - i. (e.t unchec'ed -

&ou(d ne er cea#e In thi# ;emo#thene# certain(, &a# ri ht thi# tendenc, o. "hi(ip e en

pro ed to +e hereditar, .or at (ea#t one eneration

%+o e a((/ the tra ector, o. #ome .i.teen ,ear# out(ined in thi# e##a, demon#trate#

the #u+t(et, &ith &hich ;emo#thene# hoped to con ince hi# audience to .o((o& hi#

chan in perception# Thi#/ in turn/ #i ni.ie# u#t ho& &e((- rounded the cu#tomar,

ho#ti(it, to&ard# "er#ia &a# ;emo#thene# (itera((, proceeded #tep-+,-#tep/ and &ith

meticu(ou# care and preci#ion di#mant(ed the ideo(o ica( +u(&ar' that &a# directed at

"er#ia/ on(, to re+ui(d it in the direction o. Macedon There can +e on(, one common .oe/

and a# .ar a# ;emo#thene# &a# concerned thi# tit(e #hou(d o to the imminent threat o.

"hi(ip rather than the hereditar, threat o. "er#ia Thou h the %thenian# ma, not a(&a,#

ha e +e(ie ed ;emo#thene#/ he cou(d ta'e con#o(ation in the .act that hi#tor, pro ed him

ri ht

3!


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Bibliography

Sources

%ndocide# %ndocide# &ith an n (i#h tran#(ation +, Maidment


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6iterature

*uc'(er and > *ec'/ !entral Greece and the Politics of Po(er in the #ourth !entury $!. < e&

or' 2008=

Car(ier/ " D/mosth0ne


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o+ert#/ 7 !ity of So rates. An ntroduction to !lassical Athens < e& or' 1998=

,der/ T T * ;emo#thene# and "hi(ip II in: Ian 7orthin ton i#torica( e(ia+i(it, in:

!lassica et Mediae)alia !2 i#tor, and oratorica( exp(oitation in: Ian 7orthin ton

The Common Foe

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