The Cold War For Students of European History Political Theories and the Beginning of the Cold War The End of WWII V-E Day Allied forces cross the Rhine River and get within 70 miles of Berlin Soviet forces push into the outskirts of Berlin On April 27th Germans are surrounded in Berlin in an area 10miles x 3miles On April 30, 1945 Hitler poisons his mistress and shoots himself in a bunker in Berlin. His body is carried outside by his next in command and burned Germany surrenders on May 7th How did WWII end in Europe? The End of WWII V-J Day Americans demanded an unconditional surrender for Japan Japan was willing to surrender if their emperor could remain in power On August 6, 1945 the Enola Gay dropped Little Boy on Hiroshima. On August 9th the Soviet Union declared war on Japan AND the US dropped another atomic bomb on Nagasaki Japan surrendered August 15th, 1945 How did WWII end in Japan? Rising Tensions- Yalta and Potsdam Conferences
Poland Should Poland have their original non-communist government back or keep the communist government that the Soviets put into place during the war? Declaration of Liberated Europe Which form of government should the countries of Europe be influenced to form as they rebuild? Germany Should Germany be forced to pay war reparations even though the country is broken and destroyed? Work with a partner to answer these questions US wanted the Polish to be able to choose, Russia wanted a border country to be communist Though Stalin agreed to the Declaration, he started to limit how many non-communist countries could be in Europe The US believed that Germany was key to Europes recovery, Russia wanted them to pay ----- Meeting Notes (3/5/12 08:06) ----- Poland- The Soviets agreed to free elections in Poland but then refused to allow no more than 3 non-communist members in the Parliment German- divided into 4 zones belonging to France, Britain, US and Russia; Berlin also divided; Russia took everything from their side, metal, buildings, food, munitions, money Declaration of Liberated Europe
Poland The Soviets agreed to free elections in Poland but then refused to allow more than 3 non-communist members in the Parliament Declaration of Liberated Europe Each country could choose its own form of government Germany Divided into 4 zones belonging to France, Britain, US and Russia; Berlin also divided; Russia took everything from their side, metal, buildings, food, munitions, money WW2 Peace Conferences Yalta and Potsdam Yalta (February, 1945)
Divide Germany into 4 zones Bring Nazi war criminals to trial Allow the freed nations of Europe to hold democratic elections (Declaration of Liberated Europe) Set up a commission to look into war reparations Russia would join the war in the Pacific and help the US WW2 Peace Conferences Relations worsened in between the two conferences Roosevelt died, Truman did not have Roosevelt's natural charisma Stalin invited Poland's non-communist leaders for a visit and then arrested them America developed the atomic weapon (meaning they did not need Russias help in the Pacific anymore) WW2 Peace Conferences Potsdam (July, 1945)
Agreements made in the first conference stuck War reparations- Russia was allowed to take whatever they wanted from their zone and 10% of all industrial equipment from the other zones. Wording- Text Excerpts Remember: Hiroshima was bombed August 6th so these agreements were made before the world knew the US had the bomb Hiroshima was bombed August 6th so these agreements were made before the world knew the US had the bomb United Nations Founded 1945 to replace League of Nations
There shall be established a Council composed of the Foreign Ministers of the United Kingdom, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, China, France, and the United States. Founded 1945 to replace League of Nations Security Council Allies get permanent seats United States Great Britain Soviet Union France China Divided Germany Allied Occupation 1945 Germany split into four zones of occupation
Berlin (inside Soviet Zone) was also split into four zones. Trizone East and West Germany 1949 Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) Established Trizone and W. Berlin Soviets establish a communist government in East Germany. Churchills Iron Curtain Speech March 5, 1946 Westminster College Fulton, Missouri Berlin Wall 1961 East Germans begin construction of the Berlin Wall
Separated East and West Berlin Encircled West Berlin Symbolic Significance Berlin Wall Access to Trizone restricted Video Peter Fechter Shot 1962 Warm-UP What were the agreements made at the Yalta and Potsdam peace conferences? Truman Doctrine It would be the foreign policy of the United States to assist any nation whose stability is threatened by communism. Domino Theory- When one nation falls to communism, other neighboring nations are weakened and are more likely to fall to communism themselves. The Marshall Plan European Recovery Program
Two Aims: Key to political stability was economic recovery Political stability would better fight communism Gen. George C. Marshall US Secretary of State $13 Billioninvested in 16 nations from1947-1951
Included food, fuel, machinery, and investment in industry Soviet Union viewed it as American interference
Prevented border states from participating Western Europe was remade in the American image, easier trading partner. Return of the Alliance System North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Established 1949 Collective Defense Pact Western Europe North America Attack on any member nation treated as an attack on all member nations On Guard for Peace and Socialism
Warsaw Pact Established 1955 Collective Defense Pact Soviet Union Eastern Europe Response to NATO On Guard for Peace and Socialism Cold War Alliances Document Activity Log on to the class website
Under daily activities open the PDF file and then follow along on the worksheet. Warm-Up What are the problems with communism? Weapons Technologies M.A.D. Mutually Assured Destruction
1949 USSR tests its first nuclear weapon Arms Race Video Espionage Video(play to 6:26) Hydrogen Bomb USA successfully exploded a test bomb in 1952
Russia successfully exploded a test bomb in 1953 China successfully exploded a test bomb in 1967 Atomic bomb is the splitting of atoms Hydrogen bomb is the splitting and then recombining of atoms through multiple explosions inside the bomb Today Bomb Delivery Systems USA- B52 Bomber: range 6,000 miles
Russia (1957)- Sputnik Satellite: Was not a weapon, but hinted at the possibility that it could become one. At the end of the 1950s, American Intelligence estimated that20 million Americans would die in a missile attack from Russia Sputnik 1 was in October, Sputnik 2 was in November and had a dog aboard Cruise Missiles 1950s Regulus and Matador Nuclear Missiles SLBMs (Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missiles)
Polaris 1960s Poseidon 1970s Trident 1980s Royal Navy Trident II Test Nuclear Missiles ICBMs (Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles)
Minuteman III ICBM Launch Pattern Note Multiple Warheads NATO vs Warsaw Troops: Tanks: Artillery ICBMs Planes
Nato: 2.6 million Warsaw: 4 million Tanks: NATO: 13,000 Warsaw: 42,500 Artillery NATO: 10,750 Warsaw: 31,500 ICBMs US: 8,000 Russia: 7,000 Planes US: 4,000 Russia: 5,000 All together between all nations there were 1 million Hiroshima sized bombs by 1986 MAD Mutually Assured Destruction became a way of life. Daisy Girl
Duck and Cover Video Whos Winning??? 1957 Sputnik launched by USSR
First satellite to be placed into orbit PANIC IN US Emphasis on math and science education Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
The Collapse Eastern Bloc Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 15 Republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine,Uzbekistan 7 Satellite Countries: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia Was the Collapse Due to Force? No
The Cold War cost more than $11 trillion. But the collapse of the Soviet Union and its satellites was not a result of force. No NATO tank fired a shot. No bomb fell on the Kremlin. A Home-Grown Insurgency
Instead, a massive, home-grown insurgency, led by a number of different participants, contributed to the collapse: Workers Dissident intellectuals Advocates of national self-determination Reformers Polish Trade Union: Solidarity
The downfall began in 1980 when striking Polish workers organized Solidarity, an independent trade union of nearly 10 million members. Support from Catholic Church
Solidarity, which had strong support from the powerful Polish Catholic Church, demonstrated how a working-class movement could offer an entire nation moral and political leadership. USSR: The Gorbachev Revolution
Mikhail Gorbachev, who came to power in 1985 as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), recognized that the Soviet Union could not remain politically and economically isolated and that the Soviet system had to be changed if it was to survive. Gorbachev's Five-Point Plan
The key pieces to Gorbachev's plan for the survival of the Soviet Union were a series of reforms: Glasnost (openness) greater freedom of expression Perestroika (restructuring) decentralization of the Soviet economy with gradual market reforms Renunciation of the Brezhnev Doctrine (armed intervention where socialism was threatened) and the pursuit of arms control agreements Reform of the KGB (secret service) Reform of the Communist Party The Objective: Survival
Gorbachev knew that the Soviet Union would have to change if it was to survive. Central planning in a modern industrial economy brought many inefficiencies. The factory management system provided little incentive to make technological improvements and every incentive to hide factory capacities to ensure low quotas The socialist farm system was inefficient there were poor worker incentives and storage and transportation problems. The Soviet State could no longer afford the high defense spending that accompanied the Cold War. Reagans Brandenburg Gate Speech
President Ronald Reagan called upon Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall:"In the Communist world, we see failure, technological backwardness, declining standards... Even today, the Soviet Union cannot feed itself. The inescapable conclusion is that freedom is the victor. General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union,if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate!Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall! Berlin Wall in 1986 Remarks at Brandenburg Gate Failure of the Planned Economy
Soviet benefits: low rents, cheap staple food items, free health care/day care, very little unemployment Soviet Drawbacks Collectivization unproductive Command economy cannot produce enough consumer goods Long lines, few luxury items Central planning unaware of local problems Lifetime security = little worker motivation The Rise of Nationalism
With the iron grip of the centralized Soviet state relaxed and the growing failure of the state to adequately feed and clothe its people, nationalism in the republics surged and separatist movements threatened the very existence of the Soviet Union. Super Cute Protesters:Moldova: The hot, angry face of nationalism - Apr 13, 2009 Radical Change Radical change finally reached the Soviet heartland in August 1991, when thousands of Russian citizens poured into the streets to defeat a reactionary coup d'tat. Independent Republics
The Communist party quickly collapsed, and the Soviet Union began the painful and uncertain process of reorganizing itself as a loose confederation of independent republics. Article Reading Open the link on the Website: Robert Nielson, Why Did Communism Fail You will be assigned to read reason 1,2 or 3. Read your assigned section. Then write a short summary and be ready to present out. Fall of Berlin Fall 1989 Peaceful Revolution Nationalist governments elected across Eastern Europe Modern Society- The Welfare State
the idea that the government should take responsibility for the welfare of its people Otto Von Bismarck was the first to institute a welfare system in modern Europe Win the support of the working class Masses of unhappy down on their luck citizens become breeding grounds for revolution Modern Society- The Welfare State
There was no welfarein the rest of Europe before 1900. Britain was the next country to institute welfare Boer War- British War ( ) citizens were not medically fit to fight. Threat to national defense Sickness- The industrial output of the nation was suffering Social Investigations- poverty was the cause of unemployment, poor health, poor productivity. Drinking and gambling were found to by symptoms not causes. Pressure from political parties that promised reforms to the working classes. Planned Welfare State William Beveridge (1942)
There were 5 Giants that blocked progress: Want Disease Squalor Ignorance Idleness He came up with an insurance system to fight these: All workers, all employers and the state would pay in This would allow for free health care, old age pensions, sickness, and disability, child allowances France Germany UK USA