The European Union, the Soviet Union, and the End of the Cold War
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Transcript of The European Union, the Soviet Union, and the End of the Cold War
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The European Union, the Soviet Union, and the End of the Cold War
Presenters: Daviti Gachechiladze Mariam Zuliashvili Diana
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IntroductionMain reasons for European integration
project: Avoiding next possible beginning of war by Germany Creation of “bulwark” against Soviet threat
Questions to be discussed: If not the Soviet-dominated Eastern bloc, would West European
elites have moved towards the common market with supranational political aspirations?
How were seismic processes (collapse of the Berlin Wall; German unification; the end of the cold war…) happening in Europe connected?
Did the weakening and then abrupt disappearance of the Soviet Union shape the trajectory of the European project at it sought to intensify integration?
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Twin Events of East and West: Warsaw Pact alliance – North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA known as Comecon, 1949) –
Marshall Plan Unlike the EC, the CMEA did not rest on an explicit or even
implicit principle of supranationality Lacking the capability of formulate common foreign economic
objectives, the EC did not seek to stand in for its member states in their evolving economic relations with the Soviet Union and its satellites
East-West relations in Europe, 1945-85
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View from the East From the vantage point of the CMEA, the view to EC was
openly hostile 1962, EC addressed by Soviets as “an economic and
political reality” – attempt to convince the allies in the wisdom of deepening the CMEA’s level of integration.
Members of Soviet bloc begin to see the economic inefficiencies with respect to the Western democracies
Doctrinal qualms of Soviet allies caused by foreign trade and economic cooperation
Deal between Moscow and its satellites
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View from the EastIncising trade between the Western and Eastern Europe
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The EC’s response
Western Europe gaining trust from the Soviet bloc
Helsinki Accords – the final agreement “Change through Trade”Finally EC made the Eastern Europe trade
profitable for itself and it made it increasingly difficult for the individual CMEA members to shun the EC
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EAST AND WEST
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1980 –a decline in trade between EC & CMEA countries
Less significant growth of trade with East Europe
Steady fall in East countries' share of Western imports cut imports from West
Ratification of SEA (sig European act)The procedural innovations in council of
ministers.Debates about Sea
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Contributors agreed that the initiative was driven by elites and that the impetus for the far-reaching internal reforms came largely from beyond the European continent
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PERESTROIKA
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Reform movements in Poland, Hungary and soviet Union, shaped by achievements of Western capitalism
Psychological Shock of Soviet Union
Gorbachov’s programme of perestroika
The closer ties between Soviet Union And west Germany
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Soviet Union’s Hopes AboutSwaying European public opinion on issues
like conventional disarmament stationing of short-rage nuclear missilesSeeking to unleash a process of normalization
in EuropeEventual reunification of the continent on
terms that transcended the cold war divide
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Perestroika, or economic reformed aimed the complete modernization of the socialist economy depended on improved access to and utilization of Western technology.
Soviet Union worried that Europe won’t construct the “common house”
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Germany reacted with great enthusiasm, seeing in Gorbachov’s reforms a clear path to a reduction in East-West tensions.
British Government reacted with acute mistrust and speculated that they were up to their old tricks of sewing divisions within the West
The French worried bout the Germans and the possibility that they would forsake Western Europe for a chance at eventual reunification
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German Unification
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connection between integration in the West and Disintegration in the East
Demonstrations in Bonn8th of November-calling all
German dialogue
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With the unexpected fall of Berlin Wall on 9th of November 1989, the issue of German unification jumped to the top of the East-West agenda. The gradualist approach to unification seemed especially wise in light of uncertainty about Moscow’s reaction. Yet, by the end of November East Germany started to provoke Bonn by disquiet.
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The failure of gradualismAbortive searching for a “third way” was
aimed to avoid unification by saving unique and valued components of the East German economic model.
“Ten point plan for German Unity” By Helmut Kohl
Democratic national elections in east Germany
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5 New states of Germany
Brandenburg, Mecklenburg, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia
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Thatcher cautioned against the “rush” resolution of German question
Francois Mitterrand described the unification as “a legal and political impossibility”