THE COLD WAR
description
Transcript of THE COLD WAR
![Page 1: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
THE COLD WARTHE COLD WAR
![Page 2: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
THE COLD WAR
What was it & why did it happen?
Part I
![Page 3: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What was the COLD WAR?
• Who was it between?– The US (and their allies) vs. USSR (and their
allies)• What were they doing?
– State of conflict, tension and competition • When did this occur?
– 1940s-early 1990s• Why were they fighting?
– Each country wanted to spread and promote its goals and influence around the world
![Page 4: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
What was the COLD WAR?
• How did they “fight” a cold war?– Military coalitions– Espionage– Weapons development– Technological development– Space Race– Also included “proxy” wars – Nuclear arms race– And of course….PROPAGANDA
![Page 5: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Cold War Propaganda – Pop Culture
Nikolai VolkoffHulk Hogan
1980 US Hockey
![Page 6: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Cold War Propaganda –
Movies
![Page 7: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
An Iron Curtain
• Winston Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech marks the start of the Cold War
– Speech given in Missouri– Symbolized the ideological
boundary separating Europe post WWII
– Expressed the vast philosophical ideologies
![Page 8: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Soviet Expansion
• Stalin expresses desire to create “buffer zone” of “friendly nations”– Satellite nations
• Actually under the control of the Soviet Union
![Page 10: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
How did the U.S. view Stalin and his Communist regime?
![Page 11: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The Soviet Union point-of-view
“All communist parties must take the lead in resisting the plans of American imperialist expansion and aggression in all spheres…its basic aim is the establishment of the world domination of American imperialism and the smashing of our freedom (1947).”
![Page 12: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The Cold War – The 1940s
The Early Stages
Part II
![Page 13: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Important Events of 1946
• Greece– Civil war– Communists attempting to overthrow the gov’t
• Turkey– Soviet Union makes territorial demands
• Canada– Soviet spy ring is exposed
![Page 14: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Early US Response
• Containment (1946)– Established by George Kennan– Goal was to restrict Soviet expansion
![Page 15: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Early US Cold War Policies
• Marshall Plan (1947)– European Recovery Program– $17 Billion in aid
– Aid is offered to USSR (refused)– No aid is given to communist
governments of Eastern Europe
![Page 16: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
How do the Russians interpret
the Marshall Plan?
![Page 17: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Soviet Response to the Marshall Plan
They believed the U.S. was trying to bribe European countries to accept capitalism and democracy
![Page 18: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The Soviet Union in Eastern Europe
• Soviet Union troops crush uprisings in – Hungary (1956)
– Poland (1956)
![Page 19: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
NATO & Warsaw
![Page 20: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
What is NATO?• Official Name
– North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• Purpose– Military Alliance– Attack on one of them is an
attack on all
• Membership –
• Formed in 1949– US, France, United
Kingdom, Canada, West Germany, and others
![Page 21: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
What is the Warsaw Pact?
• Official Name– The Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation
and Mutual Assistance – Also known as the Warsaw Treaty
Organization• Purpose
– Military alliance– The Soviet Union’s response to NATO
• Membership – – Established in 1955– Soviet Union, Poland, Romania, Hungary,
East Germany, Bulgaria, Albania, and the Czechoslovak Republic
![Page 22: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Crisis in Germany
![Page 23: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Crisis in Berlin• USSR opposes Allied plan to
create West German govt.• (6/1948) USSR blocks traffic
to and from W. Berlin• Berlin Airlift – Allies drop 2
tons of food over 10 month period
• 1949 – German division = West Germany and East Germany (USSR)
• 1955 West Germany granted full independence
![Page 24: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtainiron curtain has descended across has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946
![Page 26: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The Berlin Wall
• Built 1961 – stood until 1989• Built to surround the Western half of the capital
city of Berlin– Barred travel for all East Germans to the West– Could only travel to West with gov’t pass
• Most were denied
• Initially a wire fence, concrete wall starting 1965• 5,000 people successfully defected, 100 – 200
deaths trying to escape
![Page 29: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
THE BERLIN WALL
![Page 30: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Communism in China
• Mao Zedong led communists
• US attempted to aid the Chinese who fought Communism
• 1949 – The People’s Republic of China– Communist government
![Page 31: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The Cold War – The 1950s
The Arms & Space Race
Part IV
![Page 32: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
“The Bomb”
• The Nuclear Arms Race Begins• USSR test “atomic bomb” in August 1949
– US gov’t educates public on how to respond to a nuclear attack
• “Duck and Cover” and “fall-out” shelters
• US tests Hydrogen bomb in 1952• USSR tests their own H-Bomb in 1953
![Page 33: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
“Duck and Cover” and
Fall-out Shelters
![Page 34: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Eisenhower and a New Philosophy
• President Eisenhower– Vowed to liberate all countries that fell to USSR
control since 1954– CIA used to gather strategic info and pursue Cold
War goals
• Brinkmanship – “The ability to get to the verge [brink] w/o getting
into war is a necessary art”
![Page 35: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
The CIA & The Cold War
• CIA used military power and influence to install pro-US governments – The Shah in Iran in 1951– Guatemala in 1954
• US U-2 spy plane shot down over Russia in 1960 – Pilot Gary Powers served almost 2 yrs and
was exchanged for Soviet spy Rudolf Abel
![Page 36: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Nikita Khrushchev 1953 - 1964
![Page 37: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
The Space Race
• Nikita Khrushchev new USSR leader
– Beginning of the Space Race
• Sputnik – 1957– First satellite in space
• Sputnik II – 1957– Dog on board
• US responds– Explorer I (1958)– Man on the Moon (1969)
![Page 38: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The Cold War Turns HOT!
![Page 39: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
War in Korea (1950-1953)
• Japanese control Korea 1910-1945• Post WWII
– Soviet controlled North (Kim Il Sung)– Allied controlled South (Syngman Rhee)– Divided at the 38th Parallel @ Potsdam Conference
• 6/25/1950 North invades the South– Truman and the UN pledge support to South
Korea
![Page 40: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Fighting in Korea• General MacArthur led US
forces in Korea– U.S. 350,000– Total Forces
• ~800,000
• North Koreans forces– Aid from USSR– Aid from China
• Enters the war in November
![Page 41: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Fighting in Korea• Fighting turns to
stalemate – Near the 38th parallel
• Peace talks began in 1951– Agreement finally on
6/27/1953
• Results of the war– 54,000 US deaths– Stalemate – little land was
won/lost on both sides– North and South Korea
remained divided
![Page 42: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
The Cold War in the 1960s
Crisis and More WarPart V
![Page 43: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The Cold War under President Kennedy
• Continued a nuclear arms buildup
• Increased US participation in Vietnam
• Created aid programs for developing countries
![Page 44: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The Cuban Missile Crisis
• Soviet Missiles could not reach US from Soviet Union
– Began constructing missile launching pads in Cuba
– US could hit USSR via missile bases in Turkey
![Page 45: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Results of the Soviet bases gave USSR range to attack the US
![Page 46: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
The Cuban Missile Crisis
• United States U-2 spy plane captures the building of the pads on 10/14/1962,
– JFK institutes a blockade of Cuba on 10/22
– Soviet Union sent ships to deliver more materials to Cuba
– Two days of tension as nuclear war looms
![Page 47: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
The Cuban Missile Crisis
• Soviet ships turn away before reaching the blockade on 10/24
• US removed missiles from Turkey
• USSR removed missiles from Cuba
![Page 48: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
The Soviet Union
• Soviet and Warsaw Pact troops invade Czechoslovakia (1968) – Crush a “liberalization” movement
• The "Brezhnev Doctrine“– Established by Leonid Brezhnev
• Head of the Politburo 1964-1982
– USSR can intervene in other communist states if communism is threatened in any way
![Page 49: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
The Vietnam War (1959-1975)
• Why does the US get involved?– The Domino Theory
• If North took South it would trigger the further spread of communism
![Page 50: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
The Vietnam War
• Sides of the war– North Vietnam
• Communist leader Ho Chi Minh
• Aid from USSR
• Also had allies in the South– Known as the Vietcong
– South Vietnam • Dictator Ngo Dinh Diem
• Aid from the US
![Page 51: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Vietnam War Information
• Important Events– First Major Battle
• Battle of the Ia Drang Valley (1965)
• US troops got hammered— “We Were Soldiers”
– Tet Offensive of 1968• North guerillas launch massive surprise attack
• Turning point of the war
• Anti-war sentiment in US increased
• Bloodiest year of the war (15,000 American troops died)
![Page 52: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Vietnam War Information• “Vietnamization” Policy
in 1968– Gradually pulled troops
from the war
• President Nixon arranged a cease fire – Paris Peace Accords
(1973)
– Two years later the North captured the South
![Page 53: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Vietnam War Results
• For Vietnam– Unified country
– 2 million killed
– 3 million wounded
• For the United States– 57,685 killed
– 153,303 wounded
– 587 POW were released from POW camps
– 2,000+ personnel are still unaccounted for
![Page 54: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
The Cold War in the 1970s
Revolution and War
Part VI
![Page 55: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
War in Afghanistan 1979-1988
• USSR invades Afghanistan– To install a pro-Soviet
leader– Would become the
USSR’s “Vietnam” – led the downfall of the USSR
• Unpopular war, drains military resources, very expensive
![Page 56: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
War in Afghanistan 1979-1988
• Results of the war– Over 14,000 Soviet
troops dead– Afghan losses are well
over 100,000– Afghan civil war
continued• Until Taliban took control
in 1996
– Increased tension with the US
![Page 57: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Anti-US Sentiment Grows
• Revolution in Iran– “Islamic Revolution” of 1979– Ousted pro-US regime (monarchy)– Replaced with an Islamic republic under Ayatollah
Ruhollah Khomeini
• Revolution in Nicaragua (1979)– Ousted pro-US regime (dictatorship)– Replaced by the Frente Sandinista de Liberación
(FSLN)
![Page 58: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
The Cold War of the 1980s• US view of the USSR
– USSR = the “Evil Empire”– Strong anti-communist feelings– Increased military spending
• The Invasion of Grenada (1983)– 7,000 troops b/c of Cuban
military buildup on the island – 800 US medical students on the
island
![Page 59: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
The Cold War of the 1980s
Fall of the Soviet Union
Part VII
![Page 60: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Cold War of the 1980s
• US begins the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)– Space based missile defense system- “Star Wars”
• USSR shoots down Korean commercial jet (1983)– Killed some Americans– US places missiles in Great Britain & Germany
• USSR boycotts 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles
![Page 61: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Cold War Tensions Ease• USSR Economy of the 1980s
– Saw a rapid decline since the 1970s
• The New Soviet General Secretary – Mikhail Gorbachev (1985)
• His new political ideas– Glasnost
» Openness and freedom for Soviet people
– Perestroika» Restructure the economic
system
![Page 62: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
The INF Treaty (1988)
• Intermediate Range Nuclear forces Treaty– Reagan & Gorbachev both signed– Eliminated intermediate range nuclear and cruise
missiles – Over 2,500 weapons were destroyed by 6/1/1991– Both nations were allowed to inspect each other's
military installations
![Page 63: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
![Page 64: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
The End of the Cold War
• USSR announces a “nonintervention policy”
– July 1988 – No longer able to bear costs of
other communist nations
• East Germany opens the Berlin Wall on 11/9/1989
– Free election united Germany in 1990
![Page 65: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
End of “The Wall”
![Page 66: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
The End of the Cold War
• 6/1/1991 – Warsaw Pact Nations disband their alliance
• Gorbachev resigns on 12/25/1991– Boris Yeltsin elected
Russian President– The USSR “ceases to exist”
![Page 67: THE COLD WAR](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052401/56814d60550346895dbaa6af/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
THE THE ENDEND