Cold War BeginningsCold War Beginnings

1946-19621946-1962

What was the What was the Cold War?

The time period The time period between 1945-between 1945-1991 when the 1991 when the United States and United States and the Soviet Union the Soviet Union ideologically ideologically opposed one opposed one another.another.

This “war” will This “war” will shape the world for shape the world for almost 50 years.almost 50 years.

Two visions of the WorldTwo visions of the World

Atlantic Charter-Atlantic Charter-FDR FDR (signed by Churchill)- (signed by Churchill)- abandoned military abandoned military alliances and spheres of alliances and spheres of influence for a creation influence for a creation of a democratic of a democratic international international organization settling organization settling disputes and maintains disputes and maintains peacepeace

Soviet ViewSoviet View-- Determined to create a Determined to create a secure sphere for itself secure sphere for itself in Eastern Europe as in Eastern Europe as protection to possible protection to possible future aggression from future aggression from west. Great powers west. Great powers would control areas of would control areas of strategic interest to strategic interest to them.them.

Show the differences in thought with Show the differences in thought with the following eventsthe following events

Yalta Conference Yalta Conference (1944) (1944) (what was agreed upon?)

United Nations United Nations (whose idea? Everyone support it?)

Polish Question Polish Question (what did Stalin want with Poland?)

Post War Post War Germany Germany (what did they agree upon?)

YaltaYalta Settled border Settled border

disputesdisputes organizing the organizing the

postwar postwar occupations of occupations of Germany and Germany and JapanJapan

Creating the United Creating the United NationsNations

The United NationsThe United Nations

Polish QuestionPolish Question

PolandPoland "Poland is a question of life "Poland is a question of life

or death for Russiaor death for Russia““

Churchill's and Roosevelt's Churchill's and Roosevelt's reluctantly acceptance of reluctantly acceptance of a Communist-dominated a Communist-dominated provisional government for provisional government for Poland. Poland.

In exchange, Stalin In exchange, Stalin pledging to assist pledging to assist "the "the peoples liberated from the peoples liberated from the dominion of Nazi Germany dominion of Nazi Germany and the peoples of the and the peoples of the former Axis satellite states former Axis satellite states of Europe to solve by of Europe to solve by democratic means their democratic means their pressing political and pressing political and economic problems."economic problems."

Focus on BerlinFocus on Berlin

After World War II, After World War II, Germany was divided Germany was divided into four zones, into four zones, occupied by French, occupied by French, British, American, and British, American, and Soviet troops.Soviet troops.

Occupation zones after 1945. Berlin is the multinational area within the Soviet zone.

· In June of 1948, the French, British and American zones were joined into the nation of West Germany after the Soviets refused to end their occupation of Germany.

Soviet blockade:

West Germany

East Germany

West Berlin

East Berlin

Berlin Blockade and the Division of Berlin Blockade and the Division of GermanyGermany

Allies merge three zones of Allies merge three zones of occupation in western part of occupation in western part of GermanyGermany

Stalin sees this as a direct Stalin sees this as a direct challenge and imposes a challenge and imposes a blockade around city of Berlinblockade around city of Berlin

Goal was for Truman to back Goal was for Truman to back down on a permanently down on a permanently divided Germanydivided Germany

Truman refuses and orders a Truman refuses and orders a massive airlift that lasts for 11 massive airlift that lasts for 11 monthsmonths

Oct. 1949- Oct. 1949- Federal Republic of Federal Republic of Germany Germany (west) and (west) and Democratic Republic of Democratic Republic of Germany Germany (east) are created.

US Response to CommunismUS Response to Communism

Containment Containment DoctrineDoctrine

Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine Marshall Plan The

National Security Act

The Policy The Policy of Containmentof Containment

Definition: Definition: • By applying firm diplomatic, economic, By applying firm diplomatic, economic,

and military counter pressure, the and military counter pressure, the United States could block Soviet United States could block Soviet aggression.aggression.

Formulated by George F. Kennan as a way Formulated by George F. Kennan as a way to stop Soviet expansion without having to to stop Soviet expansion without having to go to war.go to war.

Ironically, the Soviets were looking for Ironically, the Soviets were looking for insulation from the Capitalist West.insulation from the Capitalist West.

The Truman Doctrine (1947)

ReasoningReasoning• Threatened by Communist influence in Threatened by Communist influence in

Turkey and GreeceTurkey and Greece • ““Two hostile camps” speechTwo hostile camps” speech

Financial aid “to support free peoples who are Financial aid “to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation”resisting attempted subjugation”

Sent $400 million worth of war supplies to Sent $400 million worth of war supplies to Greece and helped push out CommunismGreece and helped push out Communism

The Truman Doctrine marked a new level of The Truman Doctrine marked a new level of American commitment to a Cold War.American commitment to a Cold War.

* The U.S. gave over $12 billion in aid to European countries between 1948 and 1952, helping to improve their economies and lessen the chance of communist revolutions.

Formation of New AlliancesFormation of New Alliances April 1949- Formation April 1949- Formation

of of NATONATO (North (North Atlantic Treaty Atlantic Treaty Organization).Organization).

Soviets create the Soviets create the Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact

The The “Iron Curtain” has has now been creatednow been created

National Security ActNational Security Act

Korean War: the first hot war of Korean War: the first hot war of the Cold War (1950-1953)the Cold War (1950-1953)

First test outside of Europe: First test outside of Europe: KoreaKoreaWho? What? When? Why?Who? What? When? Why?

JapanJapan controlled Korea from controlled Korea from 1910-19451910-1945

By agreement, USSR accepted By agreement, USSR accepted the surrender of all Japanese the surrender of all Japanese forces in Korea north of the forces in Korea north of the 38th Parallel38th Parallel,, while United while United States accepted the surrender States accepted the surrender of Japanese units south of of Japanese units south of 38th parallel.38th parallel.

NorthNorth-controlled by -controlled by communists, most of industry communists, most of industry there, 9 million Koreansthere, 9 million Koreans

SouthSouth-- military govt. largely military govt. largely agricultural, 21 million.agricultural, 21 million.

Korea- TimelineKorea- Timeline 19471947-US went to United -US went to United

Nations to reunite Korea Nations to reunite Korea and hold free elections. and hold free elections. Voted that free elections Voted that free elections should occur, USSR vetoed should occur, USSR vetoed and only had them in the and only had them in the south. south.

South Korea called the South Korea called the Republic of KoreaRepublic of Korea (Syngman Rhee)(Syngman Rhee)

North-communist dictatorship-Peoples Republic of Korea under (Kim Il Sung)

1949-both USSR and US 1949-both USSR and US leave Korea. China Turns leave Korea. China Turns Communist.Communist.

June 25, 1950-June 25, 1950-North invades South to unified invades South to unified Korea. Korea.

United Nations ReactionUnited Nations Reaction June 27, 1950-UN June 27, 1950-UN

Security Council Security Council called called for cease fire. for cease fire.

North Korea ignored.North Korea ignored. 16 nations sent 16 nations sent

troopstroops. US, Australia, . US, Australia, New Zealand, British New Zealand, British (US most.) Heaviest (US most.) Heaviest burden was of South burden was of South Koreans (400,000)Koreans (400,000)

United States ReactionUnited States Reaction

Truman orders Truman orders General Douglas General Douglas MacArthur to supply MacArthur to supply weapons to SKweapons to SK

June 26- June 26- US air and US air and naval forces supported naval forces supported SK ground units.SK ground units.

July 26- Douglas July 26- Douglas MacArthur MacArthur became became commander of UN commander of UN forcesforces

Counter-Offensive by UN (1950)Counter-Offensive by UN (1950) By end of By end of July-Seoul,July-Seoul, capital capital

of SK fell and US units were of SK fell and US units were pushed pressed into a small pushed pressed into a small area surrounding the port of area surrounding the port of PusanPusan on S. eastern tip of on S. eastern tip of Korea. Korea.

September- Counter-offensive September- Counter-offensive by UN. MacArthur lands in by UN. MacArthur lands in port city of port city of InchonInchon.. Pushes Pushes North Korea back behind North Korea back behind 38th 38th Parallel.Parallel.

October- UN moves into North October- UN moves into North Korea up to the Korea up to the YaluYalu River. River.

November- China enters the November- China enters the war.war. Front becomes stabilized Front becomes stabilized at 38th parallelat 38th parallel..

In 1951, In 1951, President Truman President Truman declares a limited war. declares a limited war. fearing a nuclear war with fearing a nuclear war with USSRUSSR

April- April- MacArthur wants to MacArthur wants to invade China. invade China. Criticized Criticized Truman. Truman. Truman fires him..

June-August- attempts of a June-August- attempts of a truce between UN and truce between UN and North Korea fail. War drags North Korea fail. War drags on for two more years on for two more years

Ending of War- ReasonsEnding of War- Reasons

1. In 1952 Dwight Dwight Eisenhower Eisenhower becomes President. becomes President. Promised to end Promised to end the war.the war.

2. Soviet Leader 2. Soviet Leader Joseph Stalin diesJoseph Stalin dies. . USSR does not fully USSR does not fully support China in support China in the war.the war.

July 27, 1953- July 27, 1953- truce truce finally signed. Wars finally signed. Wars ends.ends.

Results of War- 54,000 American 54,000 American casualtiescasualties

US troops remain US troops remain in South Koreain South Korea

First no win war for First no win war for US.US.

Korean War review!Korean War review! Who controlled Korea in WWII?Who controlled Korea in WWII? Name of the dividing line separating N. and S. Korea.Name of the dividing line separating N. and S. Korea. Names for North and South KoreaNames for North and South Korea Capital of S. K.Capital of S. K. Southern port city which was the last democratic strong Southern port city which was the last democratic strong

hold.hold. Who fired MacArthur?Who fired MacArthur? Name of river the borders N. Korea and China.Name of river the borders N. Korea and China. What year did it end?What year did it end? Give one outcome of the war.Give one outcome of the war.

Kim Il Sung1912 –1994

Kim Jong Il1942 –2011

Kim Jong-un1984-

Communism at HomeCommunism at Home(The 2(The 2ndnd Red Scare and McCarthyism) Red Scare and McCarthyism)

Why again?Why again? The Soviet domination of The Soviet domination of

Eastern Europe and the Eastern Europe and the Communist takeover of China Communist takeover of China shocked Americans, fueling a shocked Americans, fueling a fear of communism that fear of communism that would spread around the would spread around the worldworld

President Truman issued an President Truman issued an executive order, in March executive order, in March 1947, setting up the 1947, setting up the Federal Federal Employee Loyalty Employee Loyalty Program.Program.

From 1947 to 1951, From 1947 to 1951, government loyalty boards government loyalty boards investigated 3.2 million investigated 3.2 million employees and dismissed 212 employees and dismissed 212 as security risks.as security risks.

The The House Un-American House Un-American Activities CommitteeActivities Committee, , ((HUACHUAC),), began to investigate began to investigate Communist influence in the Communist influence in the movie industry.movie industry.

In September 1947 the In September 1947 the HUACHUAC subpoenaed 43 witnesses subpoenaed 43 witnesses from the Hollywood film from the Hollywood film industry. Some witnesses industry. Some witnesses were “friendly,” some were were “friendly,” some were “unfriendly.” (The “unfriendly.” (The “unfriendly” witnesses were “unfriendly” witnesses were called to testify but refused. called to testify but refused. These men became known as These men became known as the the Hollywood TenHollywood Ten.).)

In 1950, Congress passed the In 1950, Congress passed the McCarran Internal Security McCarran Internal Security ActAct

Welcome Back!Welcome Back!

Bell Ringer:Bell Ringer: Define HUAC. What Define HUAC. What

was it’s purpose?was it’s purpose? Who were the Who were the

Hollywood Ten?Hollywood Ten? Review the 4 Review the 4

individuals in from individuals in from of HUACof HUAC

Tomorrow- Hiss Tomorrow- Hiss assignment due!assignment due!

Agenda and Agenda and Objective: Through Objective: Through group activity, group activity, students identify students identify reasons behind reasons behind HUAC and its HUAC and its justifications for justifications for investigating the investigating the movie industry.movie industry.

How to spot a Communist!

Spy Cases!Spy Cases! Alger Hiss-Whittaker Chamber

s Spy Case• In 1948, a former In 1948, a former

Communist spy named Communist spy named Whittaker ChambersWhittaker Chambers accused accused Alger HissAlger Hiss, a , a former State Department former State Department official, of spying for the official, of spying for the Soviet Union.Soviet Union.

• Chambers produced Chambers produced microfilm to support his microfilm to support his chargescharges. (. (aka pumpkin aka pumpkin papers!)papers!)

• Hiss claimed to be Hiss claimed to be innocent but was innocent but was convicted of perjury – for convicted of perjury – for lying about the passing of lying about the passing of documents – and was sent documents – and was sent to jailto jail

Spy Cases!Spy Cases! The Rosenbergs 1949 Soviets exploded an atomic 1949 Soviets exploded an atomic

bomb.bomb. In 1950, the German-born In 1950, the German-born

physicist physicist Klaus FuchsKlaus Fuchs admitted admitted giving the Soviet Union giving the Soviet Union information about America’s information about America’s atomic bomb while working on the atomic bomb while working on the Manhattan project..Manhattan project..

Implicated were Implicated were Ethel and Julius Ethel and Julius RosenbergRosenberg,, minor activists in the minor activists in the American Communist Party.American Communist Party.

pleaded the pleaded the Fifth AmendmentFifth Amendment when asked if they were when asked if they were communists.communists.

were found were found guilty of espionage guilty of espionage and sentenced to death.and sentenced to death. They They were executed in the electric were executed in the electric chair in 1953chair in 1953

““McCarthyism”McCarthyism” Was a Republican from Was a Republican from

Wisconsin.Wisconsin. Needed a winning issue to Needed a winning issue to

ensure reelection in 1952 so ensure reelection in 1952 so he stated that Communists he stated that Communists were taking over the were taking over the government.government.

claimed to have in his hands claimed to have in his hands the names of 57, 81, and 250 the names of 57, 81, and 250 Communists in the State Communists in the State Department ( never produced Department ( never produced a single name.)a single name.)

He was always careful to do He was always careful to do his name-calling only in the his name-calling only in the Senate, where he had legal Senate, where he had legal immunity that protected him immunity that protected him from being sued for slander.from being sued for slander.

Activity As you read the As you read the

telegram (1-5) focus telegram (1-5) focus on the following on the following words.words.

What motivated What motivated McCarthy to send this McCarthy to send this telegram?telegram?

"fellow traveler" "fellow traveler" ““bed-fellow”bed-fellow” ““McCarthyism”McCarthyism” "guilt by association,“"guilt by association,“ blacklisting,blacklisting, browbeating browbeating How do you think How do you think

these words these words related to the related to the telegram?telegram?

Page 6Page 6

Any change in Any change in motivation?motivation?

Truman’s responseTruman’s response

Republicans did little to Republicans did little to stop McCarthy.stop McCarthy. They used They used him as a tool to show the him as a tool to show the public they were trying to public they were trying to purge the nation of purge the nation of communists.communists.

He made accusations He made accusations against the Army, against the Army, which which resulted in a nationally resulted in a nationally televised Senate televised Senate investigation. (investigation. (Censured Censured 67-22 in 1954)67-22 in 1954)

Remained a Senator but Remained a Senator but succumbed to alcohol and succumbed to alcohol and exhaustion and died in exhaustion and died in 1957 at the age of 481957 at the age of 48

Cold War under EisenhowerCold War under Eisenhower Period of atomic bomb Period of atomic bomb

while both sides edged while both sides edged away from direct away from direct confrontations. Focused on confrontations. Focused on hot spots in the world. hot spots in the world. Particularly “Third world” Particularly “Third world” areas. areas.

US should “liberate” US should “liberate” countries that were in the countries that were in the shadow of communismshadow of communism

BrinkmanshipBrinkmanship- - confronting the Soviet confronting the Soviet Union even if it meant Union even if it meant going to the brink of war. going to the brink of war. “massive retaliation”“massive retaliation”

The Eisenhower DoctrineThe Eisenhower Doctrine

urged the provision urged the provision of economic aid to of economic aid to those countries those countries with anti-with anti-Communist Communist governmentsgovernments

military force if military force if necessarynecessary

Nikita Khrushchev becomesSoviet Premier in 1953

U-2 CrisisU-2 Crisis

On 1st May, 1960, On 1st May, 1960, a high-altitude spy a high-altitude spy plane, the U-2, was plane, the U-2, was shot down over the shot down over the Soviet Union.Soviet Union.

The pilot, Francis The pilot, Francis Gary Powers was Gary Powers was taken prisoner.taken prisoner.

U-2U-2

Soviet leader Soviet leader Nikita Nikita KhrushchevKhrushchev demands demands apology from apology from Eisenhower on two Eisenhower on two occasions. Eisenhower occasions. Eisenhower refuses.refuses.

Cancels upcoming Cancels upcoming Peace talks in Paris.Peace talks in Paris.

Originally sentenced Originally sentenced to 10 years, Powers to 10 years, Powers returns to the United returns to the United States in 1962 in a spy States in 1962 in a spy exchangeexchange..

Space Race- Activity Review Space Race- Activity Review Sheet!Sheet!

In October, 1957, the In October, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Soviet Union launched the first satellite — the first satellite — named named Sputnik.Sputnik.

In response, In response, NASA,NASA, the the National Aeronautics National Aeronautics and Space and Space Administration, was Administration, was created in 1958 created in 1958

United States United States launched its first launched its first satellite, satellite, Explorer IExplorer I

First Man in Space? First Man in Space?

The first animal The first animal sent into orbit, dog sent into orbit, dog LaikaLaika ("Barker"), ("Barker"), traveled in Sputnik traveled in Sputnik II.II.

Died 5 hours laterDied 5 hours later

First Men is SpaceFirst Men is Space

Cosmonaut Cosmonaut Yuri Yuri GagarinGagarin became became the first human in the first human in space in 1961.space in 1961.

First American was First American was Alan Shepard, who , who was then followed was then followed by by JohnJohn GlenGlen as the as the first Man to orbit first Man to orbit the earth.the earth.

Foreign Policy and KennedyForeign Policy and Kennedy

Bay of PigsBay of Pigs (1961)- (1961)- failed attempt to failed attempt to overthrow Fidel overthrow Fidel Castro as Castro as Communist leader Communist leader of Cuba.of Cuba.

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

October 14, 1962, October 14, 1962, U-2 spy plane U-2 spy plane takes photos of the takes photos of the Missile sites.Missile sites.

Although pressured Although pressured to launch an air to launch an air assault, Kennedy assault, Kennedy chose a naval chose a naval blockade of Cuba.blockade of Cuba.

For 13 days, US For 13 days, US and Soviets and Soviets negotiated until an negotiated until an agreement was agreement was made- Silos out of made- Silos out of Cuba. US missiles Cuba. US missiles out of Turkey.out of Turkey.

The Berlin WallThe Berlin Wall

By 1961, More than 3 By 1961, More than 3 million people left East million people left East Germany. The Soviets Germany. The Soviets knew it had to stop knew it had to stop the exodus. the exodus.

A barbed-wire barrier A barbed-wire barrier was strung between was strung between East and West Berlin. East and West Berlin. It effectively divided It effectively divided the city in half. Within the city in half. Within days, workers days, workers cemented concrete cemented concrete blocks into a low wall blocks into a low wall through the city.through the city.  

An estimated 10,000 An estimated 10,000 of them tried to of them tried to escape to the West. escape to the West. About 5,000 made it.About 5,000 made it.

One group took six One group took six months in 1964 to dig months in 1964 to dig a 145-yard tunnel a 145-yard tunnel from the cellar of a from the cellar of a former West Berlin former West Berlin bakery to an outhouse bakery to an outhouse on the eastern side. on the eastern side. They freed 57 East They freed 57 East Berliners. Berliners.

In all, 246 people died In all, 246 people died at the wall. Perhaps at the wall. Perhaps the best known was the best known was 18-year-old bricklayer 18-year-old bricklayer Peter Fechter.Peter Fechter.

On Aug. 17, 1962, he On Aug. 17, 1962, he tried to jump the tried to jump the barbed wire. East barbed wire. East German soldiers fired German soldiers fired and would not allow and would not allow anyone to help him as anyone to help him as he bled to death.he bled to death.

““Ich bin ein Berliner” Ich bin ein Berliner” June 1963, President Kennedy June 1963, President Kennedy

paid a visit to West Berlin. paid a visit to West Berlin.

““You live in a defended island You live in a defended island of freedom, but your life is of freedom, but your life is part of the main. so let me part of the main. so let me ask you, as I close, to lift your ask you, as I close, to lift your eyes beyond the dangers of eyes beyond the dangers of today, to the hope of today, to the hope of tomorrow, beyond the tomorrow, beyond the freedom merely of this city of freedom merely of this city of Berlin, or your country of Berlin, or your country of Germany, to the advance of Germany, to the advance of freedom everywhere, beyond freedom everywhere, beyond the wall to the day of peace the wall to the day of peace with justice, beyond with justice, beyond yourselves and ourselves to yourselves and ourselves to all mankind. “all mankind. “

All free men, wherever they All free men, wherever they may live, are citizens of may live, are citizens of Berlin, and therefore, as a Berlin, and therefore, as a free man, I take pride in the free man, I take pride in the

words words "Ich bin ein Berliner.""Ich bin ein Berliner."

Fall of the Berlin WallFall of the Berlin Wall

November 9, 1989November 9, 1989