The Cold WarThe Cold War

1945 - 19901945 - 1990

Who?Who?

The United States and the Soviet The United States and the Soviet UnionUnion

What?What?

Tension and fears between the Tension and fears between the “free” and “communist” nations “free” and “communist” nations of the worldof the world

Why?Why? The former Allies during WWII The former Allies during WWII

had different views concerning had different views concerning the post-war worldthe post-war world

Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples

Communist govt. & command economy

vs. Democratic govt. & capitalist economy

Where?Where?

Global – in Europe, in Asia, and in Global – in Europe, in Asia, and in Latin AmericaLatin America

How? - “Weapons” UsedHow? - “Weapons” Used PropagandaPropaganda Diplomatic movesDiplomatic moves

NATO vs. Warsaw Pact Scientific competition Scientific competition

Arms Race - nuclear escalation Space Race – Sputnik launches race to the moon!Space Race – Sputnik launches race to the moon!

Economic competitionEconomic competition Communist govt. & command economy vs. Democratic govt. & capitalist economy

Espionage Espionage Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]

SubversionSubversion Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third

World peoples

US GoalUS Goal

Containment of CommunismContainment of Communism

1947 Foreign Affairs article by State Dept. official George Kennan

[“X Article”]: CONTAINMENT

George Kennan [“X Article”]: CONTAINMENTGoals Means Actual Application

1. Restorationof the balance of power

2. Reduction of Soviet ability to project outside power.

Encouragement of self-confidence in nations threatened by Soviet expansion.Exploitation of tensions in international communism.

Long-term program of U.S. economic assistance [Marshall Plan $]

Cooperation with other communist regimes; [Supporting General Tito in Yugoslavia]

3. Modification of the Soviet concept of international relations.

Negotiating settlement of outstanding differences.

Using “carrots & sticks’; containing Germany with an embrace and Russia at arms length.

Government Reorganization to Government Reorganization to help fight the Cold Warhelp fight the Cold War

Department of Defense Department of Defense To replace the War DepartmentTo replace the War Department

National Security CouncilNational Security CouncilTo coordinate making of foreign policyTo coordinate making of foreign policy

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)To gather intelligence informationTo gather intelligence information

RecommendationsRecommendations

Increase spending on defense (4X Increase spending on defense (4X what it had been)what it had been)

Create alliances with Non-Communist Create alliances with Non-Communist countries countries (NATO) (SEATO)(NATO) (SEATO)

Convince the American public of the Convince the American public of the necessity of increased defense necessity of increased defense programsprograms

The Cold War in EuropeThe Cold War in Europe

An An “Iron Curtain”“Iron Curtain” had had descended across Europedescended across Europe

Containment in Europe

Truman Doctrine

The Marshall Plan

NATONorth Atlantic

Treaty Organization

The Truman DoctrineThe Truman Doctrine

U.S. U.S. military and economic aidmilitary and economic aid to to GreeceGreece and and TurkeyTurkey to prevent the to prevent the spread of Communismspread of Communism

11stst successful attempt at successful attempt at containmentcontainment

The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan

U.S. U.S. economic aideconomic aid to help European to help European countries rebuild after WWIIcountries rebuild after WWII

Strengthened democracies and their Strengthened democracies and their economieseconomies

Won support for the U.S.Won support for the U.S.Money was spent in U.S. to help the Money was spent in U.S. to help the

American economyAmerican economy

The Bipolarization of Europe

NATONATO

Defensive alliance of democratic Defensive alliance of democratic nations against possible communist nations against possible communist attackattack

Collective securityCollective security – “Attack against – “Attack against one is an attack against all”one is an attack against all”

USSR responds with creation of USSR responds with creation of Warsaw Pact (1955) Warsaw Pact (1955) – – Eastern European Soviet Eastern European Soviet bloc nations bloc nations

(satellite nations) become “buffer zone” (satellite nations) become “buffer zone” for USSRfor USSR

The Division of Berlin

Crisis in BerlinCrisis in Berlin

June 1948, Soviet Union June 1948, Soviet Union blockadedblockaded all all surface routes into West Berlin. Attempt to surface routes into West Berlin. Attempt to cut off the divided city from western Europe cut off the divided city from western Europe and force it to surrender to communismand force it to surrender to communism

Allies organized a massive Allies organized a massive airliftairlift of supplies of supplies into the “island of democracy”into the “island of democracy”

Stalin was unwilling to directly confront the Stalin was unwilling to directly confront the Allies and wouldn’t shoot at the planesAllies and wouldn’t shoot at the planes

May 1949, Soviets lifted blockade – Berlin May 1949, Soviets lifted blockade – Berlin remained a divided city surrounded by remained a divided city surrounded by Communist territoryCommunist territory

The Cold War in AsiaThe Cold War in Asia

Old imperialist system had Old imperialist system had collapsed; New nations were collapsed; New nations were

less responsive to US less responsive to US influenceinfluence

Containment In

Asia

In China In KoreaOccupation

of Japan

Occupation of JapanOccupation of Japan

1945 – 19511945 – 1951Led by General Douglas MacArthurLed by General Douglas MacArthurNew democratic constitution New democratic constitution

(MacArthur Constitution)(MacArthur Constitution) Japanese economy rebuiltJapanese economy rebuiltMilitary protection provided by U.S.Military protection provided by U.S. Japan became strong U.S. allyJapan became strong U.S. ally

In the PhilippinesIn the Philippines

Independence granted on July 4, Independence granted on July 4, 19461946

US maintained naval and air bases US maintained naval and air bases for most of the remainder of the 20for most of the remainder of the 20thth centurycenturyFerdinand Marcos (non-communist) Ferdinand Marcos (non-communist)

dictator (1965-1986)dictator (1965-1986)

In ChinaIn China

Communist Revolution in 1949 resulted in Communist Revolution in 1949 resulted in “2 Chinas” - “2 Chinas” - The People’s Republic The People’s Republic of China (Communist)of China (Communist) and and Nationalist Nationalist China on Taiwan (Democratic);China on Taiwan (Democratic); both both claimed there could be only one official claimed there could be only one official government of Chinagovernment of China U.S. government was unable to reach a U.S. government was unable to reach a

compromise settlementcompromise settlement USSR and People’s Republic of China USSR and People’s Republic of China

signed Sino-Soviet pact (1945) → USA fears signed Sino-Soviet pact (1945) → USA fears worldwide conspiracy of Communist worldwide conspiracy of Communist expansionexpansion

Korean War

[1950-1953]

Korean War[1950-1953]

Syngman Rhee

Kim Il-Sung

“Domino Theory”

The Shifting Map of Korea[1950-1953]

In KoreaIn Korea

After WWII, Korean peninsula was divided After WWII, Korean peninsula was divided at at 3838thth parallel parallelNorth Korea – occupied by USSR (Communist)North Korea – occupied by USSR (Communist)South Korea – occupied by Allies (Democratic)South Korea – occupied by Allies (Democratic)1950 – North Korean forces invaded the South1950 – North Korean forces invaded the SouthUS sent troops as part of United Nations US sent troops as part of United Nations

forces to defend South Korea from forces to defend South Korea from Communist forcesCommunist forces

Korean “Conflict” was a different Korean “Conflict” was a different kind of warkind of war

Never declared a war by US CongressNever declared a war by US CongressUS was part of United Nations forcesUS was part of United Nations forcesWe didn’t win – truce was signedWe didn’t win – truce was signedTruman (Commander in Chief) fired Truman (Commander in Chief) fired

the very popular General Douglas the very popular General Douglas MacArthur for insubordination when MacArthur for insubordination when MacArthur publicly questioned MacArthur publicly questioned Truman and suggested that the US Truman and suggested that the US should widen the war and use atomic should widen the war and use atomic weapons on Chinaweapons on China

Truman’s Domestic Truman’s Domestic PolicyPolicy

DemobilizationDemobilization after World after World War IIWar II

To convert the wartime economy To convert the wartime economy to a peacetime economyto a peacetime economy

GI Bill of RightsGI Bill of Rights$ for education, business ventures, $ for education, business ventures,

housing to help returning GI’s housing to help returning GI’s Employment Act of 1946Employment Act of 1946

Commit government to full employmentCommit government to full employmentGet Tough policy on strikes that Get Tough policy on strikes that

threatened national safety – threatened national safety – threatened to use troops against RR threatened to use troops against RR workers, miners and steelworkersworkers, miners and steelworkers

Taft-Hartley ActTaft-Hartley Act

Taft-Hartley ActTaft-Hartley ActOutlawed “closed shop” that required Outlawed “closed shop” that required

worker to join union before being hiredworker to join union before being hiredStates could pass “right to work” laws – States could pass “right to work” laws –

worker had the right to work without worker had the right to work without being forced to join unionbeing forced to join union

Outlawed secondary boycottsOutlawed secondary boycottsPresident had power to invoke 80 day President had power to invoke 80 day

cooling off period in strikes that cooling off period in strikes that threatened national safetythreatened national safety

Election of 1948Election of 1948

Harry TrumanDemocratic PartyUnder dog“Give ‘em hell Harry”

Thomas DeweyRepublican PartyConservative

Strom ThurmondStates’ Rights Party “Dixiecrats”Anti-civil rights

Henry WallaceProgressive PartyFeared too aggressive foreign policy

Truman defeated DeweyTruman defeated Dewey In spite of what the In spite of what the

headline readheadline read Truman attempted a Truman attempted a

“Fair Deal”“Fair Deal” – Nat’l – Nat’l health insurance, aid to health insurance, aid to education, Civil Rights education, Civil Rights legislation, funds for legislation, funds for public housing, public housing, minimum wageminimum wage

Most was defeated Most was defeated because of political because of political conflicts and increased conflicts and increased importance of foreign importance of foreign policypolicy

In spite of what headline read, Truman defeated Dewey

The Cold War at HomeThe Cold War at Home

A New Red ScareA New Red Scare To protect the country from Communist infiltrationTo protect the country from Communist infiltration

1947 – Loyalty Review Board1947 – Loyalty Review Board 3 million+ employees of the Federal Government, investigated to weed out those 3 million+ employees of the Federal Government, investigated to weed out those

suspected of being communists or communist sympathizers. suspected of being communists or communist sympathizers. Over 200 were fired and thousands of others resigned, many in protest over the Over 200 were fired and thousands of others resigned, many in protest over the

investigation and the secrecy surrounding the evidence being collected about them. investigation and the secrecy surrounding the evidence being collected about them.

1951 – 1951 – Dennis et al v. United StatesDennis et al v. United States upheld constitutionality of Smith Act, that made it illegal to advocate upheld constitutionality of Smith Act, that made it illegal to advocate

overthrow of US Gov’t by forceoverthrow of US Gov’t by force 1951 - McCarran Internal Security Act1951 - McCarran Internal Security Act

illegal to advocate establishment of totalitarian gov’tillegal to advocate establishment of totalitarian gov’t House Un-American Activities CommitteeHouse Un-American Activities Committee

investigated gov’t officials, looked for Communists in Boy Scouts & investigated gov’t officials, looked for Communists in Boy Scouts & Hollywood – “Hollywood Ten”Hollywood – “Hollywood Ten”

testify or else be held for contempt of Congresstestify or else be held for contempt of CongressEdward R. Murrow vs. McCarthy – YouTube Clip…..Edward R. Murrow vs. McCarthy – YouTube Clip…..

Spy CasesSpy CasesAlger Hiss – State DepartmentAlger Hiss – State Department

Denied charges he was a Communist and Denied charges he was a Communist and had given secret documents to a confessed had given secret documents to a confessed Communist Whittaker ChambersCommunist Whittaker Chambers

Was convicted of perjuryWas convicted of perjury Julius & Ethel RosenbergJulius & Ethel Rosenberg

US atomic scientists who were executed for US atomic scientists who were executed for giving Soviet scientists information that led giving Soviet scientists information that led to development of Soviet atomic weaponsto development of Soviet atomic weapons

McCarthyismMcCarthyismSenator Joseph McCarthy claimed Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed

Communists were working in the State Communists were working in the State DepartmentDepartment

Tactics includedTactics includedUnsupported accusationsUnsupported accusationsReckless cruelty → “witch hunt”Reckless cruelty → “witch hunt”Bullying, black listingBullying, black listingCast suspicion on innocent people – Cast suspicion on innocent people –

destroyed reputations and careersdestroyed reputations and careers(McCarthy was later censured by the Senate)(McCarthy was later censured by the Senate)

Senator Margaret Chase Smith Senator Margaret Chase Smith - spoke out against McCarthy - - spoke out against McCarthy -

““Declaration ofDeclaration of Conscience”Conscience”

““The right to criticize: the The right to criticize: the right to hold unpopular right to hold unpopular beliefs; the right to beliefs; the right to protest; the right of protest; the right of independent thought. The independent thought. The exercise of these rights exercise of these rights should not cost one single should not cost one single American citizen his American citizen his reputation or his right to a reputation or his right to a livelihood…Otherwise livelihood…Otherwise none of us could call our none of us could call our souls our own.”souls our own.”

Cold War in our CultureCold War in our Culture