THE CIVIL WARTHE CIVIL WARVICTORY AT APPOMATTOXVICTORY AT APPOMATTOX

A. FredricksburgA. Fredricksburg

1.1. December 1862, December 1862, Union forces set out Union forces set out once again to head once again to head towards Richmond.towards Richmond.

2.2. Union troops were Union troops were led by General led by General Ambrose Burnside.Ambrose Burnside.

3. Confederate General 3. Confederate General Robert E. Lee left the Robert E. Lee left the town to Burnside and town to Burnside and Lee’s troops dug in on Lee’s troops dug in on a hill above a hill above Fredricksburg.Fredricksburg.

4. Six times Burnside 4. Six times Burnside ordered his men to ordered his men to charge, and six times charge, and six times they were drove back.they were drove back.

5. This battle was one 5. This battle was one of the Union’s worst of the Union’s worst defeats.defeats.

B. ChancellorsvilleB. Chancellorsville

1.1. In May 1863, Lee In May 1863, Lee and Stonewall and Stonewall Jackson again Jackson again outwitted the Union outwitted the Union Army.Army.

2.2. Although the South Although the South won the three day won the three day battle, the South battle, the South suffered an suffered an enormous loss.enormous loss.

a.a. Stonewall Jackson Stonewall Jackson was shot by a was shot by a Confederate sentry, Confederate sentry, and he died of blood and he died of blood poisoning three days poisoning three days later.later.

b.b. ““I have lost my right I have lost my right arm,” Lee said.arm,” Lee said.

3. Lee decided to keep 3. Lee decided to keep the Union off guard the Union off guard and move north into and move north into Pennsylvania.Pennsylvania.

a. If he was successful, a. If he was successful, Lee planned to Lee planned to capture Washington capture Washington D.C.D.C.

XV. Lee At GettysburgXV. Lee At Gettysburg

A.A. By accident, on June By accident, on June 30th, some of Lee’s 30th, some of Lee’s men stumbled on men stumbled on Union soldiers at the Union soldiers at the town of Gettysburg, town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.Pennsylvania.

B.B. Confederate troops Confederate troops drove the Union out drove the Union out of the town, but the of the town, but the Yanks took up Yanks took up positions on positions on Cemetery Ridge.Cemetery Ridge.

C. Cemetary RidgeC. Cemetary Ridge

1. On July 2, General 1. On July 2, General James Longstreet, James Longstreet, one of Lee’s best one of Lee’s best generals, did not like generals, did not like what he saw. The what he saw. The Union position looked Union position looked too strong to risk a too strong to risk a battle.battle.

2. Lee disagreed. “The 2. Lee disagreed. “The enemy is there, and I enemy is there, and I am going to attack am going to attack him there.”him there.”

a. “If he is there,” a. “If he is there,” Longstreet replied, “it Longstreet replied, “it will be because he is will be because he is anxious that we anxious that we should attack him; a should attack him; a good reason, in my good reason, in my judgment, for not judgment, for not doing so.doing so.

b. Longstreet advised b. Longstreet advised Lee to go South and Lee to go South and find ground more find ground more favorable to the favorable to the South.South.

3. Lee wanted to 3. Lee wanted to destroy the Union destroy the Union army, and ordered an army, and ordered an attack on both ends of attack on both ends of the Union lines. the Union lines.

a.a. The South suffered The South suffered heavy casualties, heavy casualties, but could not break but could not break the Union lines.the Union lines.

4. Lee ordered General 4. Lee ordered General George Pickett to George Pickett to directly assault directly assault Cemetery Ridge with Cemetery Ridge with 15,000 men.15,000 men.

a.a. To reach the To reach the Yankees, the men Yankees, the men would have to cross would have to cross an open field and an open field and then run up a steep then run up a steep slope.slope.

5. In the end, Pickett’s 5. In the end, Pickett’s charge failed. “It’s all charge failed. “It’s all my fault,” Lee said.my fault,” Lee said.

6. Lee had no choice 6. Lee had no choice but to retreat. The but to retreat. The Confederates would Confederates would never again invade never again invade the north. The war the north. The war had reached its had reached its turning point.turning point.

III. Honoring the Dead at III. Honoring the Dead at GettysburgGettysburg

A. On November 19, A. On November 19, 1863, Abraham 1863, Abraham Lincoln gave a Lincoln gave a speech at a ceremony speech at a ceremony dedicated to the dedicated to the cemetery at cemetery at Gettysburg.Gettysburg.

B. In a three minute B. In a three minute speech, written on a speech, written on a train, Lincoln train, Lincoln delivered one of the delivered one of the most memorable most memorable speeches in U.S. speeches in U.S. history. It is known as history. It is known as the Gettysburg the Gettysburg Address:Address:

““We here highly resolve that these dead We here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain-that this nation, shall not have died in vain-that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of under God, shall have a new birth of freedom-and that government of the freedom-and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”not perish from the earth.”

IV. TOTAL WARIV. TOTAL WAR

A.A. For three years, For three years, Lincoln had Lincoln had searched for a searched for a general who could general who could lead the Union to lead the Union to victory.victory.

1. In 1864, after Grant’s 1. In 1864, after Grant’s victory at Vicksburg, victory at Vicksburg, Lincoln appointed Lincoln appointed Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant commander of the commander of the Union forces.Union forces.

B. Sheridan in the B. Sheridan in the ShenandoahShenandoah

1. To destroy the 1. To destroy the South’s ability to fight, South’s ability to fight, Grant sent General Grant sent General Philip Sheridan into Philip Sheridan into Virginia’s rich Virginia’s rich farmland, the farmland, the Shenandoah Valley.Shenandoah Valley.

2. Grant ordered Sheridan:2. Grant ordered Sheridan:

““Leave nothing to invite Leave nothing to invite the enemy to return. the enemy to return. Destroy whatever Destroy whatever cannot be consumed. cannot be consumed. Let the valley be left Let the valley be left so crows flying over it so crows flying over it will have to carry will have to carry rations along with rations along with them.”them.”

C. Marching Through GeorgiaC. Marching Through Georgia

1. Grant sent General 1. Grant sent General William Tecumseh William Tecumseh Sherman to capture Sherman to capture Atlanta, Georgia. Atlanta, Georgia. Sherman had the Sherman had the same orders as same orders as Sheridan, destroy Sheridan, destroy everything useful to everything useful to the South. the South.

2. In September 1864, 2. In September 1864, Sherman burned Sherman burned Atlanta and began his Atlanta and began his “march to the sea.”“march to the sea.”

a. Sherman destroyed a. Sherman destroyed railroad lines, burned railroad lines, burned barns, homes, and barns, homes, and factories.factories.

D. New type of combatD. New type of combat

1.1. Grant, Sherman, Grant, Sherman, and Sheridan and Sheridan created a new type created a new type of warfare called of warfare called “total war.”“total war.”

2.2. In total war, In total war, everyone is affected everyone is affected as the army as the army destroyed food and destroyed food and equipment that equipment that might be useful to might be useful to the enemy.the enemy.

V. The War Is OverV. The War Is Over

A. On April 2, 1865, A. On April 2, 1865, Richmond fell and Richmond fell and Jefferson Davis and Jefferson Davis and his cabinet had to flee his cabinet had to flee the city.the city.

B. Lee SurrendersB. Lee Surrenders

1.1. Lee was trapped by Lee was trapped by the Union Army at the Union Army at Appomattox Appomattox Courthouse.Courthouse.

2.2. On April 9, 1865, On April 9, 1865, Lee surrenders to Lee surrenders to Grant.Grant.

3. As southern soldiers 3. As southern soldiers surrendered, Union surrendered, Union soldiers cheered. soldiers cheered. Grant ordered them to Grant ordered them to be silent:be silent:

““The war is over. The The war is over. The rebels are our rebels are our countrymen again.”countrymen again.”