The End

• Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House.

• Grant did not allow celebration because the southern soldiers were once again U.S. citizens.

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

Gov’t organization that provided food, clothing, healthcare and education to black and white refugees from South

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Plenty to eat and

nothing to do.

Wartime– Presidential– Congress

Wartime– Presidential– Congress

13th Amendment13th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865.

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Lincoln’s Wartime Plan

Lincoln’s Wartime Plan10% Plan

* Pardon to all who took an oath of loyalty & accepted the 13th amendment

* EXCEPT highest ranking Confederate officers. (military & civilian)

* When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath and est. a gov’t, it would be recognized.

Lincoln’s Assassination

• Shot in the head by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865 at Ford’s Theatre in Washington D.C.

• The assassination occurred five days after Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox.

President Andrew Johnson

President Andrew Johnson 17th (1865 – 1869)

Pro-Union Democrat.

Anti-Aristocrat. (supports small farms)

White Supremacist.

“Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!”

Johnson’s Presidential PlanJohnson’s Presidential Plan 10% of state’s voters - oath to the US Constitution

amnesty with simple oath to all EXCEPT:

Confederate officers

those with property over $20,000 (wealthy planters)

(could apply directly to Johnson for pardon – 13,500 pardoned)

new constitutions must ratify the 13th amendment

EFFECTS

1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations.3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

14th Amendment14th AmendmentRatified in July, 1868.

* Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people.

* Insure against neo-Confederate political power.

* Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy.

Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction

Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction

States cannot deprive anyone of citizenship or voting (13th & 14th)

NO Confederate officer or military leader could hold political office

Military Reconstruction Act - The south would be occupied by federal troops and divided into 5 military districts governed by army generals

Johnson’s Issues:

Johnson’s Issues:

Congress Breaks with the President

Congress Breaks with the President Congress bars Southern

Congressional delegates.

February, 1866 Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill.

March, 1866 Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.

Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes with a 2/3rd majority 1st in U. S. history!!

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Tenure of Office Act* The President could not remove

any officials without the Senate’s consent

Designed to protect members of Lincoln’s cabinet

Edwin Stanton

President Johnson’s Impeachment

President Johnson’s Impeachment

Johnson removed Sec of War Stanton

The Republican dominated House passed articles of impeachment

Lawyers argued that Lincoln, not Johnson, had appointed Stanton, so the Tenure of Office Act did not apply to him

Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one vote short of required 2/3s vote).

Blacks in Southern PoliticsBlacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans. (literate)

Blacks were politically unprepared.

The 15th amendment guaranteed voting

Black Senate & House Delegates

Black Senate & House Delegates

Black & White Political Participation

Black & White Political Participation

Colored Rule

in the South?

Colored Rule

in the South?

The Fifteenth Amendment ( Amendment XV ) of the United

States Constitution

provides that no government in the United States may prevent a citizen from voting based on that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude (i.e. slavery). It was ratified on February 3, 1870.

Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the right to vote.

Scandals:

• Credit Mobilier – people took advantage of the Pacific Railroad

• The Sec of War was taking bribes – impeached & removed

• No evidence of Grant being involved, but his choice of associates earn him widespread criticism

1876 Presidential Tickets1876 Presidential Tickets

1876 Presidential Election1876 Presidential Election• Disputed votes

– Florida, Louisiana, & South Carolina (intimidation of Republican voters)

• Congress unable to determine the outcome.

• A Committee of Senators, Congressmen and a Supreme Court Judge decide

The Political Crisis of 1877

Compromise of 1877

Election of 1876

The Political Crisis of 1877

Compromise of 1877

Election of 18761. Demos. gave presidency to Repub. Hayes

2. in return troops would be removed from the south

3. Reconstruction is OVER!!

Hayes PrevailsHayes Prevails

Alas, the Woes of Childhood…

Alas, the Woes of Childhood…

Sammy Tilden—Boo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayes’s got my Presidency, and he won’t give it to me!