The Civil WarThe Civil WarChapter 4, Section 2Chapter 4, Section 2

1861:Lincoln sent non-military supplies to 1861:Lincoln sent non-military supplies to Fort Sumter (SC)Fort Sumter (SC)

Confederate guns fired on the fort, Confederate guns fired on the fort, beginning the Civil Warbeginning the Civil War

Lincoln called for volunteers to join the Lincoln called for volunteers to join the northern armynorthern army

Slave states in the Union had to choose Slave states in the Union had to choose sidessides

Questions rose over border states (DE, Questions rose over border states (DE, MD, MO, and KY)MD, MO, and KY)

Robert Anderson Commander of Fort Sumter

P.G.T. Beauregard Confederate leader at Charleston

NorthNorth GoalsGoals

Preserve UnionPreserve UnionAbolish slaveryAbolish slavery

AdvantagesAdvantagesLarger populationLarger populationMore railroadsMore railroadsMore industryMore industry

SouthSouthGoalsGoals

Preserve a way of lifePreserve a way of lifeBe left aloneBe left aloneKeep slaveryKeep slavery

AdvantagesAdvantagesBetter military Better military

leadersleadersCotton exports for Cotton exports for

foreign aidforeign aid

The WarThe War Both sides: West Point-trained officersBoth sides: West Point-trained officers Both sides: tactics from Mexican WarBoth sides: tactics from Mexican War Weapons deadlierWeapons deadlier

Improved riflesImproved riflesExploding artillery shellsExploding artillery shells

Observation balloons; camouflageObservation balloons; camouflage Communication quicker with telegraphCommunication quicker with telegraph Railroads moved troops fasterRailroads moved troops faster Bull Run (Manassas) 1Bull Run (Manassas) 1stst major battle; chaos major battle; chaos

Anaconda PlanAnaconda Plan

War in the WestWar in the West Control of the Mississippi would split the Control of the Mississippi would split the

ConfederacyConfederacy Early 1862: U. S. Grant opened 2 water Early 1862: U. S. Grant opened 2 water

routes into the Southroutes into the South Grant won a victory at the Battle of Shiloh Grant won a victory at the Battle of Shiloh The battle dashed hopes that the rebellion The battle dashed hopes that the rebellion

would collapse on its ownwould collapse on its own Admiral David Farragut sailed the U.S. fleet Admiral David Farragut sailed the U.S. fleet

up the Mississippiup the Mississippi Took New Orleans, then other river cities.Took New Orleans, then other river cities.

War in the EastWar in the East Gen. McClellan delayed his attack on the Gen. McClellan delayed his attack on the

Confed. capital at RichmondConfed. capital at Richmond Confed. Gen. Robert E. Lee lured Union Confed. Gen. Robert E. Lee lured Union

forces to the 2nd Battle of Bull Run & wonforces to the 2nd Battle of Bull Run & won Defeat hurt northern moraleDefeat hurt northern morale Lee invaded Maryland, hoping to force Lee invaded Maryland, hoping to force

northern surrendernorthern surrender Battle of Antietam, the bloodiest of the warBattle of Antietam, the bloodiest of the war Considered Union victory since it stopped Considered Union victory since it stopped

Lee’s invasionLee’s invasion

Stereopticonviewer

Slaves provided food for southern armySlaves provided food for southern army Thousands escaped to US troops (protection)Thousands escaped to US troops (protection) Some northerners wanted to punish the South Some northerners wanted to punish the South

for slavery policies and free the slavesfor slavery policies and free the slaves January 1, 1863: Emancipation ProclamationJanuary 1, 1863: Emancipation Proclamation

Freed slaves in areas that were in southern controlFreed slaves in areas that were in southern control

Some northerners opposed proclamation, Some northerners opposed proclamation, others thought it should go furtherothers thought it should go further

It encouraged freedmen to join Union forcesIt encouraged freedmen to join Union forces Almost 180,000 African Americans served in Almost 180,000 African Americans served in

segregated unitssegregated units

Robert Gould Shaw and the 54th Massachusetts (National Gallery of Art)Photo by Jay Middleton

Conditions for SoldiersConditions for Soldiers Most soldiers died from diseases rather Most soldiers died from diseases rather

than wounds than wounds Poor sanitation and polluted waterPoor sanitation and polluted water Soldiers spent most days in camp, doing Soldiers spent most days in camp, doing

drills, writing letters home, or playing drills, writing letters home, or playing gamesgames

Conditions were terrible for prisoners of Conditions were terrible for prisoners of war at overcrowded camps and prisonswar at overcrowded camps and prisons

Home & International EffectsHome & International Effects Blockade stopped Southern tradeBlockade stopped Southern trade Blockade-runners got cotton to CaribbeanBlockade-runners got cotton to Caribbean SouthSouth suffered property damage, food suffered property damage, food

shortages, inflationshortages, inflation Confed. had 1Confed. had 1stst US draft US draft US followed (Enrollment Act) —caused riotsUS followed (Enrollment Act) —caused riots

Wealthy could buy substitutes, or commutationWealthy could buy substitutes, or commutationPoor forced to be draftedPoor forced to be drafted

Anti-war protesters hurt war effort (called Anti-war protesters hurt war effort (called Copperheads) & jailedCopperheads) & jailed

Gen. Joe Hooker in charge of U.S. armiesGen. Joe Hooker in charge of U.S. armies 3 major battles in 1862 & 18633 major battles in 1862 & 1863 ChancellorsvilleChancellorsville (VA): tried to take (VA): tried to take

Richmond by surpriseRichmond by surprise Lee marched army west, leaving some behind Lee marched army west, leaving some behind

as a decoyas a decoy He ordered surprise attack and won battleHe ordered surprise attack and won battle GettysburgGettysburg (PA): Lee invaded North (PA): Lee invaded North 3-day battle; troops held positions for 2 days3-day battle; troops held positions for 2 days 15,000 Confed. troops charged the center 15,000 Confed. troops charged the center

lines & lost most of their menlines & lost most of their men

Vicksburg Vicksburg (MS): Confederate stronghold on (MS): Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi Riverthe Mississippi River

Grant’s army attacked from the land sideGrant’s army attacked from the land side He shelled the city for weeksHe shelled the city for weeks Tried to starve out defendersTried to starve out defenders Gunboats fired on city from riverGunboats fired on city from river

Canon ball still in the wall of a house in Vicksburg, MississippiPhoto by Jay Middleton

Grant and ShermanGrant and Sherman Spring 1864, Grant’s troops march toward Spring 1864, Grant’s troops march toward

RichmondRichmond Armies of Grant & Lee battled through Armies of Grant & Lee battled through

summer & fall 1864summer & fall 1864 Union Gen. William T. Sherman’s troops Union Gen. William T. Sherman’s troops

march through the deep Southmarch through the deep South Total warfare (citizens suffer)Total warfare (citizens suffer) Sherman captured Atlanta, then SavannahSherman captured Atlanta, then Savannah Aim was to destroy Southern morale and will Aim was to destroy Southern morale and will

to fightto fight

Slaves greeted Sherman’s troops with joySlaves greeted Sherman’s troops with joy White Southerners hated ShermanWhite Southerners hated Sherman

Destruction in Destruction in Atlanta after Atlanta after Sherman’s march.Sherman’s march.

Railroad Railroad destroyed by destroyed by retreating retreating Southern Southern troops.troops.

1864 Election1864 Election Abraham Lincoln (Rep) vs George Abraham Lincoln (Rep) vs George

McClellan (Demo)McClellan (Demo) Lincoln did not expect to winLincoln did not expect to win Sherman’s capture of Atlanta in Sherman’s capture of Atlanta in

Sept. boosted Northerner’s spiritsSept. boosted Northerner’s spirits Republican win meant war would Republican win meant war would

continuecontinue Lincoln wins re-electionLincoln wins re-election

Final DaysFinal Days

April 1865, Grant’s troops take RichmondApril 1865, Grant’s troops take Richmond Lee retreated from Richmond & Lee retreated from Richmond &

surrenderedsurrendered April 9, 1865April 9, 1865 Appomattox Court House, VirginiaAppomattox Court House, Virginia Other Confederate generals surrendered; Other Confederate generals surrendered;

by May war was overby May war was over

April 14April 14thth 1865, Lincoln murdered 1865, Lincoln murdered Attending play with wifeAttending play with wife Shot by John W. Booth, actorShot by John W. Booth, actor

& Confederate sympathizer& Confederate sympathizer