Chapter 8

The Civil WarThe Civil War

Fort Sumter

The fort, located in Charleston (SC) Harbor, came under Confederate fire on April 12, 1861. Union Commander: Major Robert Anderson Confederate Comm.: Brig. Gen. G.T. Beauregard

The Civil War had begun!

Civil War Facts

1.1. Fought in 10,000 Fought in 10,000 different places.different places.

2.2. 7 future U.S. 7 future U.S. Presidents had Presidents had fought during this fought during this war.war.

3.3. War to end War to end slavery!slavery!

4.4. 618,000 people 618,000 people died during the died during the war.war.

Picture of 1st Bull Run

Dead Soldiers at Gettysburg

Union War StrategiesUnion War Strategies

Blockade: prevent the South from selling cotton and getting war materials from other countries.

Prevent other nations from recognizing the South as an independent country.

Anaconda Plan: capture of the Mississippi River to isolate Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana.

Capture of the Confederate Capital of Richmond, VA. (Failed)

Destroy the Confederate army and lay waste to the land so that southern civilians would not support the war.

Strategy: plans for winning and fighting a war.

Confederate War Strategies

Wear down the invading Union armies. Rising casualties would cause northern civilians to

tire of the war. Raiders: fast, lightly armed ships used to capture

Union merchant ships. Blockade Runners: fast merchant ships hired to

move past Union blockade “Gone with the Wind”

King Cotton Diplomacy: the South believed that by stopping the sale of cotton to Europe would cause them to side with the Confederacy.

War Preparations

Training and supplying troops.

SOUTH: Population: 9 million

(3 ½ million were slaves)

Did NOT have a strong navy.

Did NOT have a well-trained army.

Not enough factories. Railroads were too light

to carry troops and guns

War fought mostly in the South-familiar…defense of homes and families.

Gen. Stovall, GA Infantry

Alexandria Railroad

War Preparations

NORTH: Population: 22 million Strong well-trained army and navy (Experienced) INDUSTRY that could readily make war supplies Many miles of railroad capable of moving troops and

munitions. FUNCTIONING GOVERNMENT!!!

12th New York Regiment

Great Britain and the Civil War

If Great Britain had recognized the South as an independent country, they could have entered the war as an ally to the Confederacy.

Charles Francis Adams, Ambassador sent by Lincoln to England, prevented this from happening.

In the end, Great Britain needed northern wheat more than southern cotton

Poor wheat harvest in England. Great Britain was anti-slavery-abolished in 1863!

Charles Francis Adams

Wheat Harvesting

Emancipation Proclamation

September 22, 1862

Abraham Lincoln stated that unless the South surrendered by January 1, 1863… ”all slaves in states or districts in rebellion against the U.S. on January 1, 1863 will thenceforth and forever be free.”

The South was given an option to keep slavery.Abraham Lincoln

Chattanooga

Union General William Rosencrans attacked Chattanooga in Sept. 1864 (Fell in November of 1864). Major ammunitions and supply depot Transportation center

Chickamauga Creek

“River of Death” 15,000 Union and 18,000 Confederate troops were

killed, wounded, or missing. Confederate troops forced the Union back to

Chattanooga The mistake came in allowing the Union forces to reinforce

with troops from Gen. Ulysses S. Grant

Georgia’s Contribution

Georgia’s 21st Regiment lost 76% of its troops at the 1st Battle of Bull Run

Many Georgian’s rushed to volunteer. More troops than guns

Blockade, Lack of Industry Some could not take their guns out of Georgia to

Virginia…leaders thought they would be needed to protect the state.

Surprised by the North’s willingness to fight. Confederate morale began to decline as the war

grew longer…Pres. Jefferson Davis guessed that about 60% of his army was absent without permission (AWOL).

Fort Pulaski

Union forces attacked Tybee Island and Fort Pulaski on April 6, 1862.

Prime coastal defense location Union troops introduced the Rifled Cannon for the 1st

time in modern warfare Confederate Commander Col. Charles Olmstead

surrendered to the Union after the bombardment started to crumble the walls

Ariel view of present day Fort Pulaski

Sherman’s March thru Georgia

General Tecumseh Sherman

“March to the Sea” General Joseph Johnston

Union Commanders at Pickett’s Mill

Sherman’s March

Confederate General Braxton Bragg allowed the Union to capture Chattanooga.

Battles at Dalton, Resaca, and New Hope. Confederate Gen. Joseph E. Johnston replaced Bragg. As he retreated he did everything possible to slow, disrupt, and

cause casualties to the Union forces as they were outnumbered almost 2 to 1. (Defensive Strategy)

It took Sherman 4 months to march from Chattanooga to Atlanta.

Battle of Kennesaw Mountain Johnston repeatedly turned back Union attacks Frustration set in with Lee and Davis who wanted Johnston to

attack…replaced him with Gen. Hood Hood attacked the Union lines and lost 11,000 men in 2 days,

allowing Sherman to continue on to Atlanta. Union troops laid waste to Atlanta destroying businesses,

farms, homes and transportation Sherman’s “March to the Sea” destroyed everything in a 60

mile wide path 300 miles to the Atlantic…$100 million damage

Lower South cut off from the rest of the Confederacy!!!

The Cost of War

Devastation of towns and cities…especially in the South Split the U.S. in two for 5 years $6 Billion dollars to fight the war (Union)

$11.5 Billion in veteran benefits $4 Billion spent by Confederacy 620,000 soldiers died in the Civil War

Destruction in Atlanta Destruction in Charleston

Credits

Page 2: http://www.civilwarhome.com/ftsumter.htm Page 3: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwphtml/tl1861.html Page 3:

http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?cwar:16:./temp/~ammem_RMxc:T11:

Page 6: http://www.civilwarphotos.net/files/images/086.jpg Page 6: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Agora/9743/ Page 7: http://www.picturehistory.com/find/c/298/p/15/mcms.html Page 8: http://www.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/charlesfrancisadams.html Page 8:

http://www.shop.com/op/aprod-p28940720-k24-g4-~Wheat+Harvester-nover?sourceid=13

Page 9: http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/al16.html Page 10: http://www.aotc.net/Chattanooga.htm (Both Pictures) Page 11: http://ngeorgia.com/history/chickam.html Page 13: http://www.nps.gov/fopu/local/ Page 14: http://ngeorgia.com/people/shermanwt.html Page 14: http://ngeorgia.com/history/picketts.html Page 14: http://www.swcivilwar.com/ConLeaPhotos.html Page 14: http://sciway3.net/clark/civilwar/march.html Page 16: http://www.swcivilwar.com/DestructionPhotos.html