The Era for the Movements for Civil Rights, 1941-1973...and Beyond?
The Civil Rights era
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Transcript of The Civil Rights era
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The Civil Rights era
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Jackie Robinson• Integrated baseball
in 1947
• Played for Brooklyn
(later LA) Dodgers
• Became one of best players ever
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Integration of Armed Forces
• 1948 – Truman integrated military
• Korean War 1st US war fought with desegregated units
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Brown v. BOE• 1954 – Topeka, Kansas• SC case outlawed segregated schools
• Violated Equal Protection Clause–Portion of 14th amendment–Citizens must be treated equally
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After Brown (1954)• Southern states vowed policy of
Massive Resistance–Whites would refuse to allow decision
to be enforced• Many places in south didn’t
integrate until 1970s
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Rosa Parks• 1955 – Montgomery AL• Arrested for refusing to give up
seat on bus to white passenger
• Resulted in Montgomery Bus Boycott–Leader was Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
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School integration• 1957 – Central HS, Little Rock, AR
• 9 Black students tried to integrate school
• Gov ordered Natl Guard to stop them
• Eisenhower called in the US Army to allow them to enter school
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Lunch Counter Sit-ins• 1960 – Greensboro, NC
• Young Black men sat at segregated lunch counter in Woolworth’s store–Started a wave of sit-ins around south
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SCLC• After Montgomery Bus Boycott:
–Martin Luther King, Jr. (and others) moved on to other civil rights issues
• Formed Southern Christian Leadership Conference
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SCLC & SNCC• Focused on nonviolent protest
–Allowed members of all races & religions
• Student members (many were involved in sit ins) formed SNCC–Student Nonviolent Coordinating Comm
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Freedom Rides• 1961 – throughout south
–Organized by CORE & SNCC• Group of whites & blacks rode
buses through south–Stood up to segregation laws for buses–Got attacked in AL & MS
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Attack on bus in Anniston, AL
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Ole Miss• 1962 – James Meredith 1st Black
man admitted to U of Mississippi
• Was ushered in by US Marshals
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Ole Miss
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Letter from Birmingham Jail
• 1963 – MLK held in jail for protests• Replied to local African American
ministers calling for “patience”–Must fight segregation &
discrimination now–“Justice delayed is justice denied”
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Letter from Birmingham Jail
• 1963 – MLK held in jail for protests• Replied to local whites calling for
“unity” (asking for protests to stop)– It’s OK to peacefully resist unjust laws–“Injustice anywhere is a threat to
justice everywhere”
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March on Washington• 1963 – Washington DC
• Over 200,000 protesters– MLK gave speech at
Lincoln Memorial
“I have a dream”
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Civil Rights Act (1964)• Outlawed discrimination in places
of “public accommodation”–Restaurants, hotels, stores, etc.–Feds can force states to follow law
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Voting Rights Act (1965)• Banned discriminations that kept
Blacks from voting
–Grandfather clause, literacy test, etc.