The Chemistry of Biology Macromolecules CHONPS Carbon - C Hydrogen - H Oxygen - O Nitrogen - N ...
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Transcript of The Chemistry of Biology Macromolecules CHONPS Carbon - C Hydrogen - H Oxygen - O Nitrogen - N ...
The Chemistry of BiologyMacromolecules
CHONPS Carbon - C Hydrogen - H Oxygen - O Nitrogen - N Phosphorus - P Sulfur - S
Living things require millions of chemical reactions for survival. This is metabolism.
Organic molecules: In living things. Always contain CARBON. Large molecules, many atoms Always have covalent bonds.
Organic vs. Inorganic Organic compounds contain Carbon Everything else = inorganic compounds
Macromolecules What is a macromolecule? Macro= Large Molecule= a group of atoms held
together by bonds.
Building large molecules Chain together smaller molecules
building block molecules = monomers
Big molecules built from little molecules polymers
Building important polymers
sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide
Carbohydrates = built from sugars
Proteins = built from amino acids
Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides
aminoacid
aminoacid–
aminoacid–
aminoacid–
aminoacid– amino
acid–
Fats = built from glycerol and fatty acids One fatty acid Glycerol fatty acidMolecule fatty acid
– ––
Small molecules = building blocks
Bond together = polymers, remove one water for each bond=dehydration synthesis.
Building large organic molecules
Breaking apart large molecules Break bonds by adding water=hydrolysis
Back to single monomers
Carbohydrates
Composed of C,H,OUsually a 1:2:1 RatioMain source of energy Main source of energy Some plants and
animals use carbs for structural purposes
Types of CarbohydratesSingle Sugars Monosaccharides
Glucose Galactose (component of
milk)Fructose (fruits)Double SugarsDisaccharidesGlucose + fructose= sucroseGlucose + galactose=lactose
Types of Carbohydrates Sugars formed from many monosaccharides =
polysaccharides
Types of Carbohydrates Polysaccharides
Starches =common storage form of glucose (many glucose molecules)
Types of Carbohydrates Glycogen= storage of excess sugars in
animals. Stored in liver
When levels of glucose is low in your blood, glycogen is released from your liver to be used in your muscles for muscular contraction and movement.
Types of Carbohydrates Cellulose
Found in plants. Gives plants their strength and rigidity.
Major component of wood and paper.
Lipids Molecules that are insoluble in water. Composed of C,H,O. Fats, oils, waxes.
Lipids = Major Functions Used to store energy Supplies more
energy than carbohydrates: 1 g. fat = 9cal 1 g. carb = 4 cal
Structural support in cell membranes.
Saturated Fats Fats with single
bonds on the carbons of a fatty acid chain.
Solid at room temp. Examples
Butter fats Meat fats
Unsaturated Fats One carbon-
carbon double bond in the fatty acid chain. Liquid at room
temperature Examples
oils
Lipids-Steroids Carbon skeleton
with four fused rings.
Hormones like estrogen and testosterone
Cholesterol
Proteins Contain Nitrogen (N) as well as C,H,O. Proteins are made up from AMINO ACIDS. The polypeptide chain made by linking
amino acids. Each protein has a very specific order and
number of amino acids.
Functions of Proteins Form bones and
Muscles and other important structures throughout the body like hair
Provide nutrient storage
Transporters for substances in and out of cells.
Defend the body.
Functions of Proteins Assist in chemical reactions within cells-
called enzymes. Act as catalysts, lowering activation
energy needed for reactions-speed up reaction.
Substrate binds to enzyme’s active site-lock and key.
Proteins-shape Proteins have a very
specific structure and shape.
Primary structure-chain of amino acids.
Secondary-coiled/folded chain held by bonds.
Tertiary-the 3D globular shape held by bonds.
Quaternary-subunits held together.
Proteins-denature Changes in
environment can cause a protein chain to unravel, losing its shape.
Causes-change in salt concentration, pH, temperature.
Egg white room temp→→egg white heated.
Nucleic Acids Contain H,O,N,C,P (phosphorus) Nucleic Acids are formed from
Nucleotides Nucleotides consist of
5-Carbon Sugar Nitrogen base Phosphate group
Nucleic Acids Function Nucleic Acids store
and transmit heredity or genetic information.
There are two types: DNA =
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
RNA = Ribonucleic Acid
Macromolecules Lab Notes Indicators = chemicals that detect the presence
of organic molecules by changing colors Color change is completely brand new
Indicators Fehlings A and B detect sugars Iodine detects starch Biuret detects protein Paper towel detects lipids
Part I – determine how to identify known macromolecules using chemical indicators – What color change do you see?