Macromolecules

SC.912.L.18.1 Describe the basic molecular structures and

primary functions of the four major categories of biological

macromolecules.

FOUR MAJOR BIOLOGICAL

MACROMOLECULES

1.Carbohydrates

2.Lipids

3.Proteins

4.Nucleic Acids

1. Students will identify and/or describe the basic

molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids,

proteins, and/or nucleic acids.

Structure of Carbohydrates:

Composed of hexagonal rings made of carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen

Form long chains

Examples of Carbohydrates:

Glucose, cellulose, sugars, flour, milk, etc

Hexagonal

Ring =

Carb!!

1. Students will identify and/or describe the basic

molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids,

proteins, and/or nucleic acids.

Structure of Lipids:

Composed of triglycerides that look like the letter E

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Examples of Lipids:

Oils, butter, membranes

E Shape =

Lipid!!

1. Students will identify and/or describe the basic

molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids,

proteins, and/or nucleic acids.

Structure of Proteins:

Composed of amino acids

Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and

sometimes sulfur

Examples of Proteins:

Meats, steroids, enzymes

Chain =

Protein!!

1. Students will identify and/or describe the basic

molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids,

proteins, and/or nucleic acids.

Structure of Nucleic Acids:

Composed of nucleotides that consist of one

nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group

Examples of Nucleic Acids:

RNA, DNA

Three parts

in these

shapes =

Nucleic

Acid!!

1. Students will identify and/or describe the

basic molecular structure of carbohydrates,

lipids, proteins, and/or nucleic acids.

Remember!

Monomer is a building

block.

Polymer is building blocks

put together.

Ex: An amino acid is the

monomer and the

protein is the polymer.

2. Students will describe the primary functions of

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and/or nucleic acids

in organisms.

FUNCTIONS

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

• Main source of

energy

• Compose cell

walls in plants

• Insulate and

cushion body

• Steroid

production

• Waterproofing

• Storage of energy

• Make up cellular

membranes

• Structure

• Found in cell

membranes

• Transferring of

genetic

information

• Contain info

to make

proteins

Enzymes

SC.912.L.18.11 Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that

lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions.

Identify factors, such as pH and temperature, and their

effect on enzyme activity.

1. Students will explain how enzymes speed up the

rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the

reaction’s activation energy.

Enzymes: special proteins that speed up the rate

of a reaction

An enzyme is a CATALYST (a substance that lowers

the activation energy of a reaction)

The activation energy is the minimum amount of

energy needed for a reaction to begin.

2. Students will identify and/or describe the effect of

environmental factors on enzyme activity.

Factors that affect enzymes:

Concentration

pH

Temperature

Each enzyme can speed up reactions at certain concentration levels, pH levels, and temperature. When an enzyme is exposed to higher or lower levels or temperature, it will be deactivated or “denatured” and will no longer work to speed up the reaction.

2. Students will identify and/or describe the effect of

environmental factors on enzyme activity.

Properties of Water

SC.912.L.18.12 Discuss the special properties of water that

contribute to Earth’s sustainability as an environment for life:

cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature, expansion

upon freezing, and versatility as a solvent.

1. Students will explain the properties of

water at a conceptual level.

Hydrogen Bonding: involves a weak interaction where a hydrogen atom bonds with an oxygen atom

Because of hydrogen bonding, water is a polar molecule.

Polarity: the positive (hydrogen end) attracts the negative (oxygen end) of a nearby water molecule

1. Students will explain the properties of

water at a conceptual level.

Cohesion: water sticks to water; the

hydrogen bonds create surface tension

This allows water droplets to form and

insects and leaves to rest on the surface of

the water.

1. Students will explain the properties of

water at a conceptual level.

Adhesion: water sticks to other surfaces

This allows water to move up straws and

stems of plants

1. Students will explain the properties of

water at a conceptual level.

Temperature Moderation: water has the ability to heat up and

cool down slowly because it takes a lot of energy to do so.

This is why the water is cooler than the sand on a hot day at

the beach.

1. Students will explain the properties of

water at a conceptual level.

Expansion Upon Freezing: as water goes from liquid to solid, it become less dense, the molecules form a crystalline structure when they freeze

This is why ice floats in water!

1. Students will explain the properties of

water at a conceptual level.

Universal Solvent: many substances are able to dissolve in

water due to its structure

2. Students will explain how the properties

make water essential for life on Earth.

Think! How do these properties of water allow life on Earth to

be possible?

Record on your outline and be ready to share out!

Scientific Method

SC.912.N.1.1

1. Student will design and/or evaluate a

scientific investigation using evidence of

scientific thinking and/or problem solving.