The Chemical Composition of Seawater · 2016. 8. 14. · Chemistry Responds NASA. Ocean...
Transcript of The Chemical Composition of Seawater · 2016. 8. 14. · Chemistry Responds NASA. Ocean...
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The Chemical Composition of Seawater
Winn Johnson
25 August 2015
Regional Maritime University
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Seawater Chemistry Supports:
• ½ O2 production
• CO2 sink
• Food production
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Topics
• Salts
• Carbonate system
• Inorganic Nutrients
• Trace Metals
• Organic Matter
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Salts
• Density
• Freezing point
• Ionic strength
• Complexes with other ions
• Analytical challenges
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Salt in the Ocean
Cations mmol/kg Anions mmol/kg
Na+ 469.06 Cl- 545.86
Mg2+ 52.82 SO42- 28.24
Ca2+ 10.28 Br- 0.84
K+ 10.21 F- 0.07
35 grams of salt / liter of seawater
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Sources and Sinks of Chemical Constituents
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Residence Time
Residence Time (years) = ocean inventory (mol) / river inflow rate (mol y-1)or
τ = reservoir / input or output
Residence Time of Water = 1.35 x 1018 m3 / 3.5 x 1013 m3 y-1 = 40,000 years
Residence Time of Na+ = 647 x 1018 moles / 8.1 x 1012 = 80 x 106 years
Residence Time of Cl- = 753 x 1018 moles / 7.7 x 1012 = 98 x 106 years
These ions reside in the ocean ~3000 times longer than the water
Assume steady state: inputs = outputs
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Evaporation and Precipitation Drive Sea Surface Salinity
Levitus, 1982
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Global Sea Surface Salinity
Emerson & Hedges, 2008
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Section View of Salinity
www.ewoce.org
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Topics
• Salts
• Carbonate system
• Inorganic Nutrients
• Trace Metals
• Organic Matter
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Carbonate System: Ocean Storage of Carbon
CO2 + H2O ⇄ H2CO3
H2CO3 ⇄ HCO3- + H+
HCO3- ⇄ CO3
2- + H+
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As Atmospheric CO2 Increases Ocean Chemistry Responds
NASA
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Ocean Acidification
CO2 + H2O ⇄ H2CO3
H2CO3 ⇄ HCO3- + H+
HCO3- ⇄ CO3
2- + H+
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Ocean Acidification Can Impact Ocean Life
Doney et al., 2009
CaCO3 Ca2+ + CO32-
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Oysters
-affects development of oysters
-already a problem on Northwest Coast of U.S.
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Topics
• Salts
• Carbonate system
• Inorganic Nutrients
• Trace Metals
• Organic Matter
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Nitrogen vs. Phosphorus Limitation
Inorganic
Total
Karl et al., 2001
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Nitrogen Cycle
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Phosphorus Cycle
PO43-
Organic Phosphorus
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Increased Inputs of Nutrients: Eutrophication
coastalwiki.org
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Harmful Algal Blooms
• Toxins
– Shellfish poisoning
– Fish kills
• Hypoxia
– Blooms drawdown oxygen so quickly that an area becomes anoxic driving organisms away or killing them
A Noctiluca bloom in Union Bay, British Columbia. (Lisa M. Holm)
Pseudo-nitzschia australis. (J. Rines)
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Topics
• Salts
• Carbonate system
• Inorganic Nutrients
• Trace Metals
• Organic Matter
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Trace Metals
• Micronutrients
• Iron can limit nitrogen fixation
• Human contamination
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Trace Metal Profiles1. Conservative 2. Nutrient-like Profile
3. Particle-scavenged
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Also hydrothermal sources of metals: iron coming off a hydrothermal vent
on the mid-Atlantic ridge
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Human Contributions to Trace Metal Concentrations also Detectable: Higher
Concentrations of Lead in North Atlantic Deepwater
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Topics
• Salts
• Carbonate system
• Inorganic Nutrients
• Trace Metals
• Organic Matter
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Conclusions
• Many marine chemical constituents including trace metals, nutrients, and the carbonate system underlie a delicate a balance that supports the productivity of the ocean
• Chemicals also act as tracers of physical processes occurring in the ocean including deepwater circulation, inputs from hydrothermal vents, and upwelling
• The chemistry of the ocean is influenced by humans in many ways
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Questions?