The central nervous system consists of ______. A. the brain and motor nerves. B. the brain and...
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Transcript of The central nervous system consists of ______. A. the brain and motor nerves. B. the brain and...
![Page 1: The central nervous system consists of ______. A. the brain and motor nerves. B. the brain and sensory nerves. C. the brain and spinal cord. D. the motor.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e855503460f94b875f3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The central nervous system consists of ______.
A. the brain and motor nerves. B. the brain and sensory nerves. C. the brain and spinal cord. D. the motor and sensory nerves. E. the spinal cord and all nerves.
![Page 2: The central nervous system consists of ______. A. the brain and motor nerves. B. the brain and sensory nerves. C. the brain and spinal cord. D. the motor.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e855503460f94b875f3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The sympathetic division of the nervous system ______.
A. controls voluntary motor activity. B. conserves energy. C. mobilizes body systems. D. promotes non-emergency functions. E. includes the sensory nerves.
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The ________ nervous system carries brain and spinal cord signals to other organs.
A. autonomic B. peripheral C. central D. craniospinal E. efferent
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5
6
1. ___________
2. ___________
3. ___________
4. ___________
• ___________
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Membrane Potentials
I. What is a Membrane Potential?
II. Ions in Neurons
III. Resting Membrane Potential
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What is a Membrane Potential?Separation of charges across a cell membrane.
Stated more simply…
Difference in number of cations and anions across a membrane
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Membrane
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Charge Separation in a Battery
• Membrane potential is analogous to a battery
• Battery sends electrical signal down a wire
• Neuron sends electrical signal down an axon
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Neurons have a Membrane Potential
IN CELL OUTSIDE CELL PERMEABILITY
Sodium (Na+) 15 mM 150 Mm 1
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Neurons have a Membrane Potential
IN CELL OUTSIDE CELL PERMEABILITY
Potassium (K+) 150 mM 5 mM 75
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Neurons have a Membrane Potential
IN CELL OUTSIDE CELL PERMEABILITY
Protein (A-) 65 mM 0 mM 0
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Neurons have a Membrane Potential
• iNside = Negative
• Outside = POsitive
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Oh no!!!! Not diffusion again!!
AGHHHHHH!!!!!!
And now for some review…
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HighHigh HomogeneousHomogeneousLowLow
Diffusion Across a Concentration Gradient
Time 1Time 1 Time 2Time 2
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Membrane Potentials
I. What is Membrane Potential?
II. Ions in Neurons
III. Resting Membrane Potential
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Plastics Make it Possible!
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Ions
Plastics Make it Possible!Ions
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Ion Diffusion in Neurons
1. Passive Channel
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Ion Diffusion in Neurons
1. Passive Channel
2. Voltage-gated Channel
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High Na+Low Na+
Diffusion of Na+ through Membranes
Which way will Sodium move?
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High Na+
Ion movement based on concentration gradient
Low Na+
Diffusion of Na+ through Membranes
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High Na+
Ion movement based on concentration gradient
Low Na+
Diffusion of Na+ through Membranes
X
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High Na+
Ion movement based on concentration gradient
+60 mV
Low Na+
Diffusion of Na+ through Membranes
Na+ Ion Channel
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High Na+
Ion movement based on concentration gradient
+60 mV
Low Na+
Diffusion of Na+ through Membranes
Na+ Ion Channel
Positively charged substances other than Na+ are in the cell
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High Na+
Ion movement based on concentration gradient
Ion movement based on electrical gradient
+60 mV
Low Na+
Diffusion of Na+ through Membranes
Inward concentration gradient counterbalanced by the outward electrical gradient
Na+ Ion Channel
Positively charged substances other than Na+ are in the cell
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Low K+High K+
Diffusion of K+ through Membranes
Which direction will Potassium move?
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Low K+
Ion movement based on concentration gradient
High K+
Diffusion of K+ through Membranes
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Low K+
Ion movement based on concentration gradient
High K+
Diffusion of K+ through Membranes
X
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Low K+
Ion movement based on concentration gradient
-90 mV
High K+
Diffusion of K+ through Membranes
K+ Ion Channel
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Low K+
Ion movement based on concentration gradient
-90 mV
High K+
Diffusion of K+ through Membranes
K+ Ion Channel
As K leaves it creates a negative charge that pulls it back in.
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Low K+
Ion movement based on concentration gradient
Ion movement based on electrical gradient
-90 mV
High K+
Diffusion of K+ through Membranes
K+ Ion Channel
Outward concentration gradient counterbalanced by the inward electrical gradient
As K leaves it creates a negative charge that pulls it back in.
![Page 31: The central nervous system consists of ______. A. the brain and motor nerves. B. the brain and sensory nerves. C. the brain and spinal cord. D. the motor.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e855503460f94b875f3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Concurrent Diffusion of Na+ and K+
Low K+High K+
Low Na+ High Na+
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Concurrent Diffusion of Na+ and K+
Low K+High K+
Low Na+ High Na+
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Concurrent Diffusion of Na+ and K+
Low K+High K+
Low Na+ High Na+
K+ exerts dominating effect on RMP (greater permeability)
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Concurrent Diffusion of Na+ and K+
Low K+High K+
Low Na+ High Na+
K+ exerts dominating effect on RMP (greater permeability)
Na+ neutralizes some of the potential created by K+
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Concurrent Diffusion of Na+ and K+
Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) = -70 mV
Low K+High K+
Low Na+ High Na+
K+ exerts dominating effect on RMP (greater permeability)
Na+ neutralizes some of the potential created by K+
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Membrane Potentials
I. What is Membrane Potential?
II. Ions in Neurons
III. Resting Membrane Potential
![Page 37: The central nervous system consists of ______. A. the brain and motor nerves. B. the brain and sensory nerves. C. the brain and spinal cord. D. the motor.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e855503460f94b875f3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Movement of Na+ and K+ at RMP
• Na+ and K+ are not at equilibrium
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Movement of Na+ and K+ at RMP
• Na+ and K+ are not at equilibrium
• Both move DOWN concentration gradient
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Movement of Na+ and K+ at RMP
• Na+ and K+ are not at equilibrium
• Both move DOWN concentration gradient
• Why doesn’t intracellular K+ concentration continue to fall?
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Movement of Na+ and K+ at RMP
• Na+ and K+ are not at equilibrium
• Both move DOWN concentration gradient
• Why doesn’t intracellular K+ concentration continue to fall?
• Why doesn’t intracellular Na+ concentration continue to rise?
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Na+
K+
Outside
Inside
Diffusion
Sodium-Potassium Pump
• Counterbalances diffusion of Na+ and K+
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Na+
K+
Outside
Inside
Diffusion
Sodium-Potassium Pump
• Counterbalances diffusion of Na+ and K+
• No net movement of Na+ and K+
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Ion Movement through Resting Neurons• Sodium pumped OUT
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Ion Movement through Resting Neurons• Sodium pumped OUT
• Potassium pumped IN, but diffuses out easily
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Ion Movement through Resting Neurons• Sodium pumped OUT
• Potassium pumped IN, but diffuses out easily
• Sets up Ions that are ready to move
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Summary
• Charge separation between the inside and outside of a neuron, referred to as a membrane potential.
• Resting membrane potential (RMP) caused by concentration of Na+, K+, and protein anions.
• At rest, neurons have a RMP of -70 mV.
• Neuron will stay at RMP until stimulated, creating an Action Potential