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The Cell Theory 1.All living things are composed of cells 2.Cells are the building blocks of more...
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![Page 1: The Cell Theory 1.All living things are composed of cells 2.Cells are the building blocks of more complex structures 3.All cells come from preexisting.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/5697c0301a28abf838cdabeb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Cell Theory
1. All living things are composed of cells
2. Cells are the building blocks of more complex structures
3. All cells come from preexisting cells
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Two Classes of CellsProkaryotic
– Lack a true nucleus
– Lack most organelles
– Bacteria
Eukaryotic – Have a true
nucleus– Contain
organelles• Specialized
structures within cells that perform tasks
– Animals– Plants– Fungi – Protists
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Microscope Review Question• On high power you
use the large knob to bring a cell into focus. But, all of a sudden the cell is gone!
• Why? What should you do?
• Ooops! Only use the small (fine focus) knob on high power.
• Go back to low power and start over
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Microscope Review Question
• A microscope at another school has an eyepiece that provides 5x magnification. The medium power lens provides 10x magnification.
• What is the total magnification on medium power?
• Medium power = 5 x 10• Medium power = 50• Objects will seems 50
times bigger on medium power than they are in real life
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Microscope Review Question
• Why couldn’t you focus on three overlapping threads at once?
• They were too thick.• Our microscopes
have a shallow “depth of field” – you only see a tiny “slice” of space at any time
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Nucleus- contains genetic information (DNA),
• “brain of the cell”
•Protected by nuclear membrane
•Filled with nucleoplasm
•Nucleolus at the center
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Endoplasmic Reticulum- ships products throughout the cell
Rough ER- ships proteins
Smooth ER- ships Lipids
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Flagellum- propels cell
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Lysosome- digests materials
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Centriole- aids in cell division
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Cytoskeleton- provides structure and aids in movement
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Mitochondrion- converts energy, makes ATP for the cell
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Cell membrane- encloses and controls what enters and leaves the cell
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Golgi apparatus-ships products outside of the cell
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Ribosomes-make proteins
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Central vacuole- stores water
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Cell wall- provides structure
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Chloroplast- Site of photosynthesis
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Plant vs. Animal Cells
Plant cells
• have cell walls
• contain chloroplasts
•look green
• have larger vacuoles
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Cell Membrane
“Water loving” (Hydrophilic) heads face the inside (cytoplasm) and outside of the cell where there is lots of water
“Water fearing” (Hydrophobic) tails face each other
http://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com
Online 6.4 pg 2 internal membrane system
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Selectively Permeable Membrane• Small and uncharged
substances move freely across the cell membrane – No attraction to charged
heads
• Charged substances need help getting across – Attracted to charged heads
• Large substances cannot cross
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Diffusion• Movement of
molecules from an area of high to low concentration until a balance is reached
• No energy needed
• Small, uncharged substances– O2 and CO2
• When balanced, molecules still move, but at the same rate in both directions
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Cells are limited in size• Food, nutrients, and
gases must enter and leave through the membrane
• The larger the cell, the larger the surface area needs to be to stay efficient
• Cells with a high surface area: volume ratio are most efficient
• Conclusion- in order to be efficient, cells must be small!
http://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com
Lab 6 pg2
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Osmosis Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Cells react to the solutions they are in:– Hypotonic- lower
concentration of solute than water- cells swell (cytolysis)
– Isotonic- equal concentrations of solute and water- cells don’t change
– Hypertonic- higher concentration of solute than water- cells shrink (plasmolysis)
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Exocytosis• Releasing
large products from a cell
http://www.coolschool.ca/lor/BI12/unit4/U04L05.htmhttp://www.middlesexcc.edu/faculty/Barbara_Bogner/111unitone.html
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Endocytosis• Engulfing
large products into a cell
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“Diffusion Across a Model Cell Membrane” Lab Activity
Glucose / Starch Solution
Water and Iodine
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Pre-Lab Discussion
How will you determine if starch diffused?In what direction will it move?
How will you determine if glucose diffused?In what direction will it move?
How will you determine if iodine diffused?In what direction will it move?
How will you determine if water diffused?In what direction will it move?