THE CASE OF INFRASTRUCTURE FOR BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES: ITALY

by Giovanni Pede – ENEA1

Iva Gianinoni – RSE SpA2

Background paper for the IFP/IEA/ITF Workshop on

“Developing infrastructure for alternative transport fuels and power-trains to 2020/2030/2050:

A cross country assessment of early stages of implementation”

OECD, 30th November 2012

1 ENEA is the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development

2 Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico - RSE SpA, is a joint stock company, whose unique shareholder is GSE SpA, which

develops research in electro-energy

Index

Why electric vehicles? ......................................................................................................................... 3

Reduced CO2 emission and enhanced energy efficiency ............................................................... 4

Potential tools for energy storage and network optimisation for larger use of renewable sources . 4

European strategy for green vehicles ................................................................................................... 5

Recharging: different needs and modes .............................................................................................. 6

Recharge modes: devices&protections ............................................................................................ 7

Recharging: different business models ............................................................................................... 8

Recharging in public places ............................................................................................................. 8

Experiences in Italy .............................................................................................................................. 9

The DSO model ............................................................................................................................... 9

The model “Service provider” ....................................................................................................... 11

Why EVs in Italy? .............................................................................................................................. 13

Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................ 14

Funding and acknowledgments .......................................................................................................... 14

Why electric vehicles?

Types: PEV, PHEV, E-REV (electric range >60 km) 1. Reduced urban pollution (CO, NOx, HC, benzene C6H6, SO2, heavy metals,

combustion nanoparticulates, etc.). 2. Reduced CO2 emission/enhanced energy efficiency 3. Diversification of energy mix (safety of supplies): by making use of diverse energy

resources they help reduce our dependence on petroleum 4. Potential tools for energy storage and network optimisation for larger use of

renewable sources Transport systems are responsible for urban air pollution and their efficiency affects our daily lives and productivity. All transportation modes consume energy; such energy now is mostly derived from combustion, mainly of fossil fuels and, in general, of oil-derived. Combustion inevitably produces CO2 and many other substances, depending on specific fuel and combustion characteristics, among others Nitrogen Oxides, Sulphur Oxides, Heavy Metals, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), Particulate Matters (PM), apart from Carbon Monoxide (CO) because of not perfect combustion. At certain concentrations, such substances change physical and biological characteristics of the air (mainly of the troposphere) with hard consequences on health, climate and weather precipitations characteristics. From the point of view of overall energy efficiency, when EVs are compared with ICEVs, it is apparent that their energy conversion processes (from crude oil to road load , as depicted in the figure) indicate that EVs are more energy-efficient than ICEVs. Moreover, EVs can recover the kinetic energy during braking and utilize it for battery recharging In perspective, the VE are resources for balancing the local network and for the energy market zones. As a matter of fact:

1. Storage services are necessary for decoupling the vehicle recharging network commitment

2. Therefore an integration with intermittent sources of production is possible

Reduced CO2 emission and enhanced energy efficiency

Potential tools for energy storage and network optimisation for larger use of renewable sources

PRODUZIONE DA RINNOVABILI

DISTRIBUZIONE

SISTEMA DI ACCUMULO

RESIDENZIALE

V2G

VEICOLO ELETTRICO

SISTEMA DI ACCUMULO

SISTEMA DI ACCUMULO

Source: “Research on electric vehicles: challenges, opportunities and emerging technologies” Kwok Tong Chau, 2012 (Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong), modified by G.Pede, 2012

Natural gas

Crude oil Oil refinery Filling station

ICEV

PEV HEV

Distribution Power plant Power

tranfer Battery charging

100%

Crude oil

95%

42% 40%

36% 26%

18-25%

86% 85%

18%

100%

European strategy for green vehicles

Strategy “Europe 2020”: promoting green vehicles by encouraging research,

establishing common standards and developing the necessary infrastructure – European regulation framework – Directive 2009/33/CE16 on the promotion

of clean and energy efficient road transport, which aims to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and improve air quality (particularly in cities)

– Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 setting emission performance standards for new passenger cars by 2015 (it will be reviewed by 2013 to the target of 95 g/km CO2 to 2020

EU Commission Communication "A European Strategy for clean vehicles and energy-efficient" COM (2010) 186 final. April 28th, 2010 indicates lines of action for green vehicles, among them electric vehicles:

1. Support for research and innovation (recovery of European competitiveness, occupational profiles)

2. Standardization of vehicle interface/network (in terms of communication/negotiation)

3. Upgrading of recharging infrastructure The recharging infrastructure role, (COM (2010) 186 final “With the entry into the market of electric vehicles, consumers can start charging them from existing power points. However, publicly accessible charging points will have to be provided to meet consumers’ needs on battery charging. An adequate electric charging network will require significant investment and definition of standards on safety, interoperability and payment. ”

Recharging: different needs and modes

Recharge modes: devices&protections

Recharge modes: charging power&range

Vehicle (typical) V

I

P in kW

E in kWh (FastCharge)/ Range in km

Mode 1

220 8 <=1,8 1,76 kWh/50 km

Mode 2

220 16 <=3,3 3,52 kWh/80 km

Mode 3

380 32/64 20 (typical)

25 kWh/120 km

Mode 4

380 125 50 50 kWh/120 km in ½ h (charging time)

Charging mode 3 (with communication between EV and CP) is compulsory in public areas

Recharging:

different business models3

Recharging in public places

Battery-swap is an industrial activity, therefore 2 solutions (+ domestic charging) are considered hereafter: First solution: recharge as after-sales service

1. Case similar to natural gas for vehicles 2. The station is the final customer for the electricity system 3. The owner of the charge area agree with the reseller/s 4. There is a competition between the recharge areas such as service stations in

classic fuels 5. The role of provider is limited to connect and measure upstream of the

recharging area 6. Free activity, with some regulated aspects

Second solution: expanded role of the DSO

1. Recharging area is included in the distribution asset for the area of the concession

2. The DSO as a provider must allow access to all authorized dealers in Italy 3 Daniele Bonafede, AEEG, “Ricaricare i veicoli elettrici nel rispetto della nuova normativa”, Milano 23 marzo

2012

For public charging AEEG has established a monomial (simplified) T&D tariff for all Service Providers (Delib. ARG/elt 242/10)

Recharge

After sales service

Fleet operator

Domestic

Public places

Private places

Battery-swap

DSO

In Italy private customers can charge EVs both by using their domestic meter and by

installing a dedicated one (with “Other uses” tariff) Delib. AEEG ARG/elt 56/10)

AEEG is the Authority for Electricity and Gas

in Italy

3. Competition between different brands in the same area 4. A specific dispatching regulation is needed for a modest amount of energy 5. A regulatory is needed on technical characteristics and spread (similar case to

the public phone booth?) 6. Activity under administrative concession and fully regulated

Obviously, the chosen model must always be compatible with the retail electricity market liberalization The choice of model does not relate to decisions of the regulator, must be part of a wider choice of public policy as regards issues such as:

1. Environmental 2. Road system (Congestion Charge, ZTL) 3. Urban planning (permission to recharge areas) 4. Transport terms 5. Tax (differential taxes and subsidies).

Final decisions on the type of model for the public recharging service certainly depend on technological developments and what are the business models preferred by the market (service providers and consumers), and the results of experiments It is desirable that the trials may be the most diverse in type, technology, organization, though limited in time

Experiences in Italy

Therefore, AEEG, in partnership with public research electrical system (RSE), has funded five pilot projects, for the period 2011-2015 (according to “AEEG arg elt/242/10” document) for three business models:

1. DSO 2. Exclusive Service Provider 3. Service Provider in the competitive market

with simplifications and incentives, competitive requirements and criteria for selection and operation of the projects

The DSO model

The ENEL Distribution-Hera project includes 310 charging points in Pisa, Bari&Genova (Smart cities) in the Region Emilia-Romagna and in Milan

The model “Service provider”

The approved projects "Exclusive service provider" are two, A2A and city of Parma. The first one includes charging points in Milan and in Brescia. The second, 200 charging points in Parma The projects "Service provider in competition”, are two, Enel Energia and Class Onlus. The first includes 26 charging points in Rome and province of Milan by the second half of 2013. The second involves the installation of 150 charging points, of which 43 in “Monza and Brianza” province (in supermarkets) and 107 in Rome, Milan, Naples, Bari, Catania, Genoa, Bologna and Varese

Why EVs in Italy?

Piaggio Porter Electric Power/Fiat Ducato Microvett/Piaggio Liberty e-mail/BredaMenarinibus Zeus

• highest index of motorization in the world after US (60 Ml people, 37 Ml passenger cars)

• use of private cars continuously increasing

• daily limits frequently overcome for primary and secondary pollutants in the most industrialized regions

•

•

• distribution network equipped with 32 Ml smart meters

PM2.5 20 µg/m

3 average yearly limit

according to EU regulations (dir 2008/50/CE)

Conclusions

Public infrastructure is needed but, since a real EVs fleet does not exist yet (< 400 EVs sold in Italy in 2012), it is seldom used Although interoperability is presently fully operating in few cases, utilities and DSOs are jointly working toward it, both at national and European level Charging tariffs are not so convenient to convince customers, in comparison with the very high EVs purchase prices Only maturity and deployment of fast charging options seem to be a feasible near-term option for present private drivers The development of fast charging stations (mainly in usual petrol stations) could foster EVs deployment and also make public infrastructure more used

Funding and acknowledgments

This national research project has been funded by the Italian Ministry of Economic Development, with the aim of investigating several system aspects related to the potential mass roll-out of plug-in electric vehicles, and particularly their technical, environmental end economic impacts http://www.enea.it/it/Ricerca_sviluppo/documenti/ricerca-di-sistema-elettrico/risparmio-di-energia-elettrica-nei-trasporti/2011/092-rds-pdf http://www.rse-web.it/documenti/documento/314792

For further information www.enea.it giovanni.pede@enea.it www.rse-web.it iva.gianinoni@rse-web.it