The Birthplace of Western Civilization -A peninsula of peninsulas -A troubled history -A United...
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The Birthplace of Western Civilization
-A peninsula of peninsulas-A troubled history-A United Europe
Europe
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Countries as ranked by GDP
Luxembourg
Sweden
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Countries ranked by land size
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Countries ranked by Population
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The Physical geographyof Europe
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Part of a large landmass called Eurasia
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A Peninsula of Peninsulas
• Iberian: Spain and Portugal• Italian• Scandinavian: Norway and
Sweden• Jutland: Denmark
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Fjords in NorwayCarved out by glaciers as they
receded
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Mountains:
• Alps: Switzerland, Germany, Italy, and France
• Pyrenees: form a natural border between France and Spain.
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North European Plain
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Rivers• Danube: The longest river in the
EU-starts in the Black Forest of Germany and flows through Austria, Hungary, Romania, etc. before emptying into the Black Sea.
• Rhine: originates in the Swiss Alps-flowing through Germany and the Netherlands on its way to the North Sea.
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• Seine: Originates in Burgundy and flows through Paris on its way to the English Channel.
• Volga: Originates in the hills north of Moscow and flows through western Russia past Volgograd and into the Caspian Sea. It is the national river of Russia.
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Seas• Adriatic: contained by the Italian and
Balkan Peninsula Venice is located at the northern end.
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Aegean: flows through the many Greek islands
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• Mediterranean: Bounds North Africa, Southwest Asia, and, of course, Southern Europe. It also connects to the Atlantic through the Strait of Gibraltar and to the Red Sea through the Suez Canal.
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• Baltic: Bounded by the Northern coast of Europe and the Scandinavian countries of Finland, Sweden, and Norway.
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• Black: Bounded by the Balkan Peninsula, Turkey, and the Eurasian Republics to the southwest. It connects to the Mediterranean Sea via the Bosporus and Dardanelles Straits.
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• North: Bounded by Great Britain, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and Denmark-Connects with the Baltic Sea and the English Channel.
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Oceans
Atlantic
Arctic
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Strait of Gibraltar• Narrow passage from the Med. Sea to the Atlantic
Ocean.• Between the southern tip of Spain and the
northern coast of Morocco
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Varied Climate regions
•From Tundra in Scandinavia to Mediterranean in the South
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Effects of the North Atlantic Drift and westerly's on climate
• The N.A.D. is an extension of the Gulf Stream and the prevailing westerly’s blow across these currents generating Western Europe’s weather and having a wet and moderating influence in the region.
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Human Environment Interaction
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Polders in the NetherlandsLand reclaimed from the sea
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Acid Rain:Results of unchecked industrial emissions
Air pollution and destruction of forests.
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Acid Rain has damaged many historical statues and buildings.
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Areas threatened by air and water pollution:
Black Forest-GermanyVenice
Rhine, Danube, and Seine
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Venice is suffering from severe pollution and it is sinking into the Adriatic.
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The ChunnelA tunnel under the English
Channel• A tunnel boring machine.
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High speed trains move people and goods from Britain to France
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From Dover England to Calais France• Physically uniting Britain to continental Europe
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Tiled Roofs in the MediterraneanReflect heat/rain runoff
Cultural Characteristics
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Chalets in SwitzerlandHeavy snows slide off
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Ballooning in Switzerland.
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Birthplace of the Industrial Revolution.
Esp. Great Britain
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CastlesRemnants of Medieval history
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Birthplace of Western Democracy
• Greece and Rome• Republican forms of government were
formulated there.
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Spread of European Culture:1. Exploration2. Colonization3. Imperialism
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Urbanization
• Many densely populated cities in Europe.
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NATONorth Atlantic Treaty
Organization: Intended to form a military alliance against
Communism in Western Europe.
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Roman CatholicismThe unifying faith of Europe
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Religion as a divisive force.• Conflict between
Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland. The Protestants in N.I. want to remain part of the U.K. , but the Catholics want to unify all of Ireland as a Catholic state.
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Language
• Multiple languages in Switzerland. Why?
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• Cities as Centers of Culture and Trade
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Venice: Queen of the Adriatic built on islands and connected with various canals.
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A gondola on the Grand Canal
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Berlin• Capital of Germany and located on the Spree
River.
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Brandenburg Gate: built as a monument to peace.
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Berlin Wall: divided Communist East Berlin from democratic West Berlin for almost a
generation. An artificial boundary.
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Paris: Capital of France and built on an island in the Seine river.
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Eiffel Tower: built for the 1889 Centennial Exposition.
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Louvre: French art museum in Paris.
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Home to the Mona Lisa.
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The Louvre also has a large collection of Impressionist Paintings
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Arc de Triomphe
• War Memorial• Napoleonic Era
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Notre Dame: Catholic cathedral in Paris.
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Front view of Notre Dame
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Madrid: Europe's highest capital (Spain)
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London: Capital of Great Britain and site were the Thames river narrows
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Big Ben: Clock and tower in London.
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Westminster Abbey: where most of the monarchs have been crowned.
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Rome: The eternal city. Capital of Italy and location of the Vatican City-
capital of the Roman Catholic Church.
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Colosseum: Where gladiators fought and Christians were persecuted.
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Inside the Colosseum
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Athens: A hilltop site and capital of Greece. The birthplace of western Civilization.
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Acropolis: hilltop site that contains the ruins of the ancient city-state of Athens.
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Parthenon: temple of Athena.
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Warsaw: capital of Poland, located on the Vistula River.
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The European Union: an attempt to rebuild Europe economically through cooperation rather than competition. Lower trade barriers, free borders, etc.A Political/Economic ForceA United States of Europe.
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Leaning Tower of Pisa: Cathedral located in the Tuscany Region of Italy.
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Mountain Regions:Tourism, recreation(Skiing), and
mineral resources.
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Rivers and canals serve as major transportation links.
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Oil Reserves in the North Sea.
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Demographics of Developed Countries:1. High Per Capita GDP2. High Life Expectancy3. Low Population Growth Rate4. Low Infant Mortality5. Low % of population under the age of 156. High Literacy Rate
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Ethnic Heritage and diversity• Yugoslavia: Serbs, Croats, Bosnians, and
Albanians• Conflict: War in Bosnia, “Ethnic Cleansing.”
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Economic Characteristics• Well-educated workforce• Industrial and technological societies• Banking in Switzerland: limited natural
resources.• High-Tech farming• Well-developed infrastructure• Fertile soils
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Large role of governments in the economy: Socialism
• Sweden and Denmark
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Differences in Western vs. Eastern European economic Development
• Due to the failure of communist economic systems
• Communism is now being replaced with capitalism in eastern Europe
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Development of industrial and transportation centers near mineral deposits, coal, and iron ore.
•Ruhr Valley: Germany•Po Valley: Italy
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The End