The Beginnings of the Cold War 1945 - 1953. Lividia Palace, Yalta, Crimea.
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Transcript of The Beginnings of the Cold War 1945 - 1953. Lividia Palace, Yalta, Crimea.
Yalta Conference (Feb. 4 – 11, 1945) Poland moved west & govt.
broadened Germany & Berlin divided
into 4 occupation zones USSR to declare war on
Japan 2-3 months after V-E Day & recognize Nationalist China Would regain what it lost in
Russo-Japanese War Korea divided at 38th parallel
Declaration of Liberated Europe promised to est. democracies & rebuild economies of liberated nations
Winston Churchill, Franklin D.Roosevelt & Josef Stalin at Yalta(copyright 2000, Bedford/St. Martin’s)
The United Nations Charter devised at
Dunbarton Oaks (1944) & San Francisco (1945)
General Assembly – all nations have a vote
Security Council – 5 permanent members (US,
USSR, Britain, France & China) each have veto power
Other members serve limited terms
Other arms: UNESCO, UNICEF, WHO, etc.
Potsdam Conference (July 17 – Aug. 2, 1945)
Germany disarmed & industry dismantled
Occupiers take reparations out of zones
Council of Foreign Ministers to settle Italy, Finland, Hungary, Bulgaria & Romania (treaties in 1947)
Nuremberg Trials (Nov. 1945 - Oct. 1946) result in execution of top Nazis for “crimes against humanity”
Clement Attlee, Harry Truman& Josef Stalin at Potsdam, Aug. 1,1945 (from the Truman Pres. Library & Museum collection)
Atomic Diplomacy Decision to use A-bombs at end
of WWII partly influenced by desire to impress Soviet Union
Henry Wallace warned of dangerous arms race leading to nuclear war
Truman saw nuclear weapons as effective deterrent to Soviet aggression
Soviets tested their own A-bomb in Sept. 1949
U.S. began building H-bomb in 1950 (tested in 1954)
Copyright 2000, Bedford/St. Martin’s
The Bomb and Containment Policy MAD = mutually assured
destruction George F. Kennan
Long Telegram (1946) warned Soviets couldn’t be trusted, but should be met with patient resolve
“X Article” (1947) called for containing Soviet expansion & proving superiority of U.S. ideals
NSC-68 (1950) codified containment policy By all means short of war, block
Soviet expansion, expose lies, induce retraction, & sow “seeds of destruction” within USSR
The Beginnings of the Cold War in Europe 1945: Soviets est. puppet regimes in Poland & Romania
Truman blasts Molotov for violating Yalta agreements 1946: Soviets reject Baruch Plan to share atomic
secrets Churchill gives “Iron Curtain” speech
1947: Communist coup in Hungary U.S. announces Truman Doctrine & Marshall Plan National Security Act:
Dept. of Defense unified old War & Navy Dept.s Joint Chiefs of Staff coordinates military plans between the 4
service branches National Security Council: President, Vice President, Sec. of
State, Sec. of Defense, CIA & FBI Directors, National Security Advisor
Central Intelligence Agency conducts spying & covert operations
The Division of Germany 1948: Soviets est. puppet
regime in Czechoslovakia Soviets blockade W. Berlin U.S. stages Berlin Airlift
(1948-49) British, French & U.S.
occupation zones merged into “Trizonia” – becomes West Germany in 1949
Soviets est. puppet regime in East Germany
Divided Europe, 1949-1989 North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (1949) = 1st permanent alliance for U.S.
Soviets created Warsaw Pact & COMECON to counter NATO & Marshall Plan
Copyright 2000, Bedford/St. Martin’s
The Beginnings of the Cold War in Asia Japan occupied & rebuilt solely by U.S.
Caroline, Marshall & Mariana islands put under U.S. trusteeship
Gen. Douglas MacArthur wrote new Japanese constitution
Permanent treaty signed in 1951 Mao Zedong’s Communists took over
China in 1949 Jiang Jieshi’s Kuomintang fled to Taiwan
Korea divided at 38th parallel by Yalta agreement UN held elections in South in 1948 North more industrialized, but fewer people
Mao Zedong
Jiang Jieshi
The Korean War (1950-1953) Kim Il-Sung got reluctant approval
from Stalin Mao wanted Soviet aid to take Taiwan 80% of Chinese industry in Manchuria
Truman got immediate UN action – saw it as 1930s all over again British, Canadian, Turkish & other troops,
too Est. defensive line around Pusan, then
staged Inchon landing War prolonged due to Synghman
Rhee’s desire for reunification Invasion of North brought Chinese into
war Armistice signed July 27, 1953
Cost to the U.S.: 54,000 dead; 103,000 injured; $69.5
billion 1.5 million Chinese & N. Korean
casualtiesCopyright 2000, Bedford/St. Martin’s
The Home Front Executive Branch Loyalty
Program (1947) Soviet Spy Cases:
Alger Hiss convicted of perjury (1950) Julius & Ethel Rosenberg convicted
of espionage (1951) & executed (1953) McCarran Internal Security Act
(1950) Unlawful to contribute to the est. of a
totalitarian gov’t “Communist front” org. members had
to register; denied travel visas & gov’t jobs
Sen. Joseph McCarthy led Senate Permanent Investigation Committee (1953-54)
Copyright 2000, Bedford/St. Martin’s
Postwar Conservatives Classic liberals – feared expansion
of government power Many were former Communists
disillusioned with Stalin & USSR. Argued that liberal Democrats were
either dangerously naïve or else traitors James Burnham argued
containment wasn’t enough – too defensive, and not spiritually inspiring
Whittaker Chambers said that the transcendent issue was religious – both Communism & secular humanism were atheistic
James Burnham
Whittaker Chambers