The Atlantic Slave Trade Telling more than just the American version. By: Brian Innes.
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Transcript of The Atlantic Slave Trade Telling more than just the American version. By: Brian Innes.
Sugar is King! The expansion of the Atlantic Slave Trade
was driven by the profitability of sugar. The Canary Islands off the West Coast of
Africa provided the starting point for the expansion of slavery to the Atlantic World.
Next came ventures to Madeira, Cape Verdes and Sao Tome.
Eventually, Europeans had the ability to move west across the Atlantic.
On their own terms While early Europeans believed that they
would be able to raid African coasts, they were largely unable to do so.
African maritime technology forced Europeans to trade with Africans for slaves
Europeans were advised to conduct trade properly, waiting until African officials made contact and grant permission for trade.
John Thornton, Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800 p. 39.
Slaves, not Captives The vast majority of slaves taken from Africa were
already slaves when the Europeans arrived The west coast of Africa was dominated by hundreds
of nations, constantly warring for territory and power
Their goal in warfare was to take prisoners not to kill more than their enemy
Land does not define wealth, people doPhilip Curtin, The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex.
J. W. Buel, Heroes of the Dark Continent (New York, 1890), p. 66; also, Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-32008.
Slaves not Captives, cont’d This situation created a large number of
slaves for the warring nations Africans viewed those outside of their nation
as not being of the same kin and therefore subject to being enslaved
The rulers or kings of these nations would trade these slaves for desired luxury items from the Europeans
Claude Meillassoux The Anthropology of Slavery
Luxury not Necessity Africans traded with Europeans for luxury
goods because it was the kings who were in charge of the trading
Africans produced plenty of textiles, they saw the possession of European textiles as a matter of prestige
Early on they rarely traded for weapons, their warfare was different than that of Europeans
Why Africans? The Africans that Europeans traded for to
develop the New World were already enslaved
Indigenous populations were killed off by European diseases
Indigenous populations knew the territory Africans from different nations were unable
to communicate in the early stages
Resources Curtin, Philip D. The Rise and Fall
of the Plantation Complex. Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Klein, Herbert S. The Atlantic Slave Trade. Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Manning, Patrick. Slavery and African Life. Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Northrup, David. The Atlantic Slave Trade. Boston College, 2002.
Thornton, John. African and Africans in the Making f the Atlantic World, 1400-1800. Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Websites: http://hitchcock.itc.virginia.edu/
Slavery/ http://africanhistory.about.com/
library/weekly/aa080601a.htm http://encarta.msn.com/
encyclopedia_761595721/Atlantic_Slave_Trade.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/9chapter4.shtml
Email: [email protected]
Ida B. Wells-Barnett Greatest anti-lynching
activist Writer for the Free
Speech Filed lawsuit in 1884
against the Chesapeake, Ohio, & Southwestern Railroad
Founding member of the NAACP
www.pbs.org/.../ peopleevents/p_wells.html
Childhood and Adolescence Father, Jim Wells,
influenced her passion for justice & equality
He was a member of the board of trustees at Shaw University
At 16, her parents died of yellow fever
She became the guardian of her 6 siblings and worked as a teacher
www.africawithin.com/ bios/ida_wells.htm
Childhood & Adolescence
Born into slavery in 1856 Was a house boy for a
wealthy white family Worked in mines during
the day & attended night school
Worked his way through the Hampton Institute as a janitor
http://docsouth.unc.edu/washstory/washin.html
The Aftermath of Childhood Her father’s love of
education gave her the will to gain a formal education
His determination was apparent in the lawsuit she filed in 1884.
Began a lifelong crusade against lynching in 1892 after 3 of her friends were murdered
Her father’s fearlessness was once again apparent in her writings
www.loc.gov/exhibits/ odyssey/educate/barnett.html
Booker T. Washington Accomodationist Ran the “Tuskegee
Machine” Considered an axis
between the races
www.historycooperative.org/ btw/info.html
Hard Work Pays Off 1881 established the Tuskegee
Institute, perhaps motivated by his mentor at Hampton, General Chapman Armstrong
1st college to open with an all black faculty
Behind the scenes he exploited white philanthropists by funding several newspapers and court cases
http://www.tuskegee.edu
Malcolm X
“A man who stands for nothing will fall for anything.”
“Education is our passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to the people who prepare for it today.”
“I want Dr. King to know that I didn’t come to Selma to make his job difficult. I really did come thinking I could make it easier. If the white people realize what the alternative is, perhaps they will be more willing to hear Dr. King.”
Childhood & Adolescence
As a child, teachers told him he could not become a lawyer
Grew up in Michigan, where his father was murdered
As a teenager he moved to Boston and later to Harlem, where he saw the separation within his own race
“I think that an objective reader may see how in the society to which I was exposed as a young black youth here in America, for me to wind up in prison was really just about inevitable.”
The Struggle Introduced to the Nation of
Islam by his brother while in prison
In 1963, he was one of the most desired speakers in the U.S.
Just prior to his assassination Malcolm X made a trip to Mecca where he adopted orthodox Islam and changed his militant views
Resources General
“African American Odyssey” Library of Congress http://rs6.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aointro.html
The History of Jim Crow http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/home.htm The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow
Ida B. Wells-Barnett Ida B. Wells-Barnett: Crusader of Freedom
http://www.learntoquestion.com/seevak/groups/2002/sites/wells/NEW “Ida B. Wells” Just the Arti-FACTS http://www.chicagohs.org/aotm/Mar98/mar98fact2.html
Booker T. Washington “The Booker T. Washington Papers.” The History Cooperative
http://www.historycooperative.org/btw/index.html “Booker T. & W.E.B.: The Debate between W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington.”
Frontline: The Two Nations of Black America http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/race/etc/road.html
More Resources Malcolm X
Malcom-X.org http://www.malcolm-x.org/index.html The Official Website of Malcolm X
http://www.cmgww.com/historic/malcolm/home.php “What he said Archive” Malcolm X: A Research Site
http://www.brothermalcolm.net/mxwords/whathesaidarch
ive.html
The Authentic History Center: Primary Sources from American Popular Culture http://www.authentichistory.com/diversity/native/images/diversity_native_images04.html
The Myths and Stereotypes Indian Women Had No
Status Example: Pocahontas
portrayal by Disney English women were
highly revered More status than Native
American Women
Mary Jemison Child of two Irish immigrants She was captured by six Indians
and four Frenchmen Adopted by Seneca Tribe Mary described her new life as
better than the life of most English, white women.
European Ideals vs. Native American Ideals Native American societies were based upon
ideals that promoted equality Many tribes were matrilineal and matrilocal
European Patriarchy
Male head of household and Woman were submissive followers
The English Woman Cotton Mather
“produce the fear of, a cautious diligence never to displease him.”
Ideal English women of late 17th century Pious Virtuous Domestic SUBMISSIVE Thrifty Hardworking
The Iroquois Woman Sir William Johnson on Native American Women’s
Power Very strong Hard to undermine Women were present at council meetings and conferences
of each tribe in the Five Nation Iroquois Ideal Iroquois Woman:
Political Active Economic provider of stable food source—Corn Head of household based on matrilocal traditions
Contact, Conflict and the Causes of the Gender Shift Diseases Trade: Increasing
Dependency of Iroquois on European goods ‘Consumer
Revolution” Warfare (damaged
crops)
The English Woman’s Increasing Status Religious Realm
Leaders of church Moral leaders in
Community Domestic Realm
Deputy husbands during times of war and also during other times of the husband’s absence
The Iroquois Woman’s Declining Status No longer able to provide
stable food source Loss economic power Loss of political status
Authority transfers to Native American men Biggest industry—trading.
Sir William Johnson and the Effects of Englishmen
Towards Today’s Gender Conventionso Gradual beginning of a women’s movement
that is still ongoing in today’s society.
o Iroquois women assimilate into English patriarchal view
o English women gain status o Step outside of the domestic sphere
For Further Information Link to paper and Powerpoint Presentation: : Email address: [email protected] Helpful Links:
Information on Iroquois “The Longest Living Democracy on Earth”:
http://www.ratical.org/many_worlds/6Nations/#CREDITS http://www.iroquois.net/ http://www.iroquoismuseum.org/
Halder, Bornali. “Native American Women,” n.d., <http://www.lakotaarchives.com/natwomenpr.html>
Information on Mary Jemison (Iroquois Captive) http://www.letchworthparkhistory.com/jem.html
IMA Hero Reading Program (Questions about the book, If you Lived with the Iroquois) http://www.imahero.com/readingprogram/iroquois.html
Information on 17th century English Women: http://www.nhc.rtp.nc.us/tserve/eighteen/ekeyinfo/erelwom.htm