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Slide 2 THE ART AND SCIENCE OF MAKING A COMMUNITY RESILIENT TO EARTHQUAKES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA Slide 3 MAKING OUR FUTURE BETTER THAN OUR PAST UNDER- STAND IDENT- IFY HEAR PERSON- ALIZE ACT PERIOD OF INTEGRATION 1990-2012 WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY 2012 PERIOD OF IMPLEMENTATION NOW Slide 4 COMMUNITIES ARE AT RISK FROM FLOODS SEVERE WINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKES TSUNAMIS DROUGHTS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS LANDSLIDES WILDFIRES Slide 5 A COMMUNITYS BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE MUST BE RESILIENT TO GROUND SHAKING AND GROUND FAILURE Slide 6 HAZARDSHAZARDS THE RISK TO A COMMUNITYS BUILT ENVIRONMENT IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO ITS VULNERABILITIES EXPOSUREEXPOSURE VULNERABILITIESVULNERABILITIES LOCATIONLOCATION RISKRISK Slide 7 WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT A CITY AND ITS BUILT ENVIRONMENT (B.E.) CITIES AND MEGACITIES EXIST BY GEOLOGIC, HYDROLOGIC, AND ATMOSPHERIC CONSENT AND THE B.E.s VULNER- ABILITIES Slide 8 INADEQUATE BUILDING CODES EARTHQUAKES INADEQUATE LIFELINE STANDARDS SITING IN LOCATIONS PRONE TO SURFACE FAULTING, LAND- SLIDES, & LIQUEFACTION IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN INADEQUATE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS SITING ON SOFT SOILS INADEQUATE ANCHORAGE OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF VULNER- ABILITIES DISASTER LABORATORIES Slide 9 INJURIES AND DEATHS CONSEQUENCES OF COMMUNITY VULNERABILITIES DAMAGE AND COLLAPSE LOSS OF FUNCTION ECONOMIC LOSS RISKRISK Slide 10 EVERY COMMUNITY CAN MAKE ITS FUTURE BETTER THAN ITS PAST GOAL 1: LEARN FROM THE PAST GOAL 2: REDUCE COMMUNITY VULNERABILITIES THAT INCREASE RISK FOR PEOPLE, PROPERTY, AND INFRASTRUCTURE Slide 11 PAST DISASTERS PROVIDE A REALITY CHECK Source: Munich Re and many past earthquakes Slide 12 ALL VULNERABILITIES CAN BE FIXED Slide 13 ALL VULNERABILITIES ARE FIXABLE ALL VULNERABILITIES ARE FIXABLE Slide 14 ALL VULNERABILITIES ARE FIXABLE Slide 15 A UTILITY CORRIDOR IS VULNERABLE TO LOSS OF FUNCTION WHEN ROUTED THROUGH SOILS THAT ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO LIQUEFACTION. Slide 16 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS WHAT LEVEL OF CASUALTIES WILL OCCUR IN A FUTURE EARTHQUAKE IF THE VULNERABILITIES IN THE B.E. ARE NOT FIXED? WHAT LEVEL OF ECONOMIC LOSSES WILL OCCUR IN A FUTURE EARTHQUAKE IF THE VULNER- ABILITIES IN THE B.E. ARE NOT FIXED? Slide 17 INADEQUATE SEISMIC DESIGN PROVISIONS (I.E., BUILDING CODES AND LIFELINE STANDARDS ) MEAN 1) INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING 2) COLLAPSE OF BUILDINGS AND LOSS OF FUNCTION OF LIFELINES Slide 18 NOTABLE PAST DISASTERS SAN FRANCISCO 1906 EARTHQUAKE & FIRE 3,000 CASUALTIES $ 524 M LOSS (ORIGINAL VALUES) $ 180 M INSURED LOSS Slide 19 Slide 20 NOTABLE PAST DISASTERS TOKYO 1923 EARTHQUAKE & FIRE 142,807 CASUALTIES $ 2,800 M LOSS (ORIGINAL VALUES) $ 590 M INSURED LOSS Slide 21 Slide 22 NOTABLE PAST DISASTERS MANAGUA 1972 EARTHQUAKE 11,000 CASUALTIES $ 800 M LOSS (ORIGINAL VALUES) $ 100 M INSURED LOSS Slide 23 Slide 24 PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS TANGSHAN 1976 EARTHQUAKE 240,000 + CASUALTIES $ 5,600 M LOSS (ORIGINAL VALUES) $ ---0 M INSURED LOSS Slide 25 Slide 26 PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS MEXICO CITY 1985 EARTHQUAKE 9,500 CASUALTIES $ 4,000 M LOSS (ORIGINAL VALUES) $ 275 M INSURED LOSS Slide 27 Slide 28 Slide 29 PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS LOMA PRIETA (SAN FRANCISCO) 1989 EARTHQUAKE 61 CASUALTIES $ 5,000 M LOSS (ORIGINAL VALUES) $ 1,000 M INSURED LOSS Slide 30 Slide 31 Slide 32 Slide 33 PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS NORTHRIDGE, CALIFORNIA 1994 EARTHQUAKE 61 CASUALTIES $ 44,000 M LOSS (ORIGINAL VALUES) $ 15,300 M INSURED LOSS Slide 34 Slide 35 Slide 36 Slide 37 Slide 38 Slide 39 PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS KOBE, JAPAN 1995 EARTHQUAKE 6,400 CASUALTIES $ 100,000 M LOSS (ORIGINAL VALUES) $ 3,000 M INSURED LOSS Slide 40 Slide 41 Slide 42 Slide 43 Slide 44 PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS IZMET, TURKEY 1999 EARTHQUAKE 17,200 CASUALTIES $ 12,000 M LOSS (ORIGINAL VALUES) $ 600 M INSURED LOSS Slide 45 Slide 46 PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS BAM, IRAN 2003 EARTHQUAKE 40,000 CASUALTIES $ ?000 M LOSS (ORIGINAL VALUES) $ --00 M INSURED LOSS Slide 47 2003 Bam, Iran Earthquake Slide 48 PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS BANDA ACHE, INDONESIA 2004 EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI 240,000 CASUALTIES $ 4,000 M LOSS (ORIGINAL VALUES) $ ?--00 M INSURED LOSS Slide 49 2004 BANDA ACHE EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI Slide 50 Slide 51 PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS SICHUAN PROVINCE, CHINA 2008 EARTHQUAKE 80,000 CASUALTIES $ 13,300 M LOSS (ORIGINAL VALUES) $ --00 M INSURED LOSS Slide 52 SICHUAN, CHINA EARTHQUAKE INADEQUATE BUILDING CODE Slide 53 TWENTY-ONE DAYS LATER 45,690,000 people were affected by the disaster. Slide 54 HAITI EARTHQUAKE: INADEQUATE BUILDING CODE; JANUARY 12, 2010 Slide 55 TSUNAMI: JAPAN MARCH 12, 2011