LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS INDIA PART 3: EARTHQUAKES
LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 3: EARTHQUAKES Walter Hays, Global Alliance...
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Transcript of LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 3: EARTHQUAKES Walter Hays, Global Alliance...
LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
EGYPTPART 3: EARTHQUAKES
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
EGYPT
POLITICAL MAP OF EGYPT
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN EGYPTDISASTERS IN EGYPT
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN EGYPTDISASTERS IN EGYPT
FLOODS
STORMS
EARTHQUAKES
DUST STORMS
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER NRESILIENT
HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER NRESILIENT
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES
Natural Phenomena That Cause Disasters
Planet Earth’s heat flow causes movement of lithospheric plates, which causes faulting, which causes EARTH-QUAKES
ACKNOWLEDGMENT: Egyptian ministries, universities,
and officials contributed data and expertise in conjunction with
the RELEMR PROGRAMME administered since 1990 by
UNESCO and the USGS
Egypt has a very long historical record of
earthquakes going back four millennia
CAUSE OF SEISMICITY
• The interaction of the African, Arabian, Eurasian plates and the Sinai sub-plate is the main factor behind the seismicity of northern Egypt.
INTERACTING TECTONIC PLATES
ELEMENTS OF RISK AND DISASTER
HAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDS
ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK RISK
ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK RISK
EXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSURE
VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATION
RISKRISKRISKRISK
EARTHQUAKEHAZARD MODEL
EARTHQUAKEHAZARD MODEL
SEISMICITYSEISMICITY TECTONICSETTING &
FAULTS
TECTONICSETTING &
FAULTS
EGYPT’S SEISMICITY: 1900 TO PRESENT
FOUR SEISMIC ZONES
• All earthquakes occur at shallow depth and are concentrated at four seismic zones: 1) the Gulf of Suez, 2) Gulf of Aqaba, 3) around the entrance of the Gulf of Suez, and 4) the Dahshur area (south- west of greater Cairo)..
EXPOSUREMODEL
EXPOSUREMODEL
LOCATION OF STRUCTURE
LOCATION OF STRUCTURE
IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF
STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS
IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF
STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS(the potential disaster
agents)SURFACE FAULT RUPTURE,
GROUND SHAKING, GROUND FAILURE (LIQUEFACTION,
LANDSLIDES), AFTERSHOCKS
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
EARTHQUAKE
TSUNAMI
GROUND
SHAKING
FAULT RUPTURE
FOUNDATION FAILURE
SITE AMPLIFICATION
LIQUEFACTION
LANDSLIDES
AFTERSHOCKS
SEICHE
DAMAGE/LOSSDAMAGE/LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/LOSSDAMAGE/LOSS
GROUND SHAKING
PROBABILISTIC GROUND SHAKING HAZARD
VULNERABILITYMODEL
VULNERABILITYMODEL
QUALITY OF DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION
QUALITY OF DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION
ADEQUACY OF LATERAL-FORCE
RESISTING SYSTEM
ADEQUACY OF LATERAL-FORCE
RESISTING SYSTEM
UNREINFO
RCED MASO
NRY, BRIC
K OR S
TONE
REINFORCED C
ONCRETE WIT
H UNREIN
FORCED WALLS
INTENSITYINTENSITY
REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS
STEEL FRAME
ALL METAL & WOOD FRAME
VV VIVI VIIVII VIIIVIII IXIX
3535
3030
2525
2020
1515
1010
55
00
MEA
N D
AM
AG
E R
ATIO
,
%
M
EA
N D
AM
AG
E R
ATIO
,
%
O
F R
EPLA
CE
MEN
T V
ALU
EO
F R
EPLA
CE
MEN
T V
ALU
E
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND
SHAKING
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND
SHAKING
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
EXAMPLES OF PAST DAMAGING EARTHQUAKES
THE CAIRO (DAHSHUR) EARTHQUAKE
OCTOBER 12, 1992
The historical record shows that moderate-magnitude
earthquakes such as those that occurred in 1969, 1974, 1981, 1992, 1995, 1999, and 2002 were very damaging.
THE CAIRO (DAHSHUR) EARTHQUAKE
• The M5.8 Cairo earthquake occurred at 15:09 local time on 12 October 1992 with an epicenter near Dahshur, 35 km (22 mi) south of Cairo.
DAMAGE
• The areas of greatest damage were in “Old Cairo” and southwards along the Nile as far as Gerza, on the west bank.
• 350 buildings were completely destroyed and 9,000 other severely damaged, including 216 mosques and 350 schools.
DAMAGE
• Most of the severe damage was confined to older masonry structures, especially those built of adobe.
• Liquefaction occurred in areas near the epicenter
IMPACTS OF THE CAIRO (DAHSHUR) EARTHQUAKE
• The most damaging seismic event to affect Cairo since 1847, the earthquake was unusually destructive for its size, causing 545 deaths, injuring 6,512 and making 50,000 people homeless.
• Unfortunately, some of the deaths and injuries were due to panic.
THE REASON: Egypt’s buildings usually do not
have adequate resistance to horizontal ground shaking, a
recipe for disaster
THE REASON: Egypt’s buildings usually do not
have adequate resistance to horizontal ground shaking, a
recipe for disaster
A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE
POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE INTERACT WITH EGYPT’S COMMUNITIES
A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE
POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE INTERACT WITH EGYPT’S COMMUNITIES
A DISASTER is ---
--- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., earthquakes, floods,…) intersect at a point in space and time.
Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause
extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness,
joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure will be LOST because they are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely happen, not to mention the low-probability of occurrence—high-probability of adverse consequences event.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for early threat identification and coordinated local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a timely and effective manner to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.
MODERATE EARTHQUAKES IN EGYPT ARE INEVITABLE AND DAMAGING
MODERATE EARTHQUAKES IN EGYPT ARE INEVITABLE AND DAMAGING
• ---SO, DON’T WAIT FOR ANOTHER REMINDER OF THE IMPORTANCE OF BECOMING EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENT.
THE ALTERNATIVE TO AN EARTHQUAKE DISASTER IS
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE
THE ALTERNATIVE TO AN EARTHQUAKE DISASTER IS
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE
EGYPT’S EGYPT’S COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES
EGYPT’S EGYPT’S COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES
DATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
• EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION
EARTHQUAKE RISK EARTHQUAKE RISK
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE
•PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•FORECASTS/SCENARIOS•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTHQUAKES
PREPAREDNESS FOR ALL OF THE LIKELY HAZARDS AND RISKS IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTHQUAKES
PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE AGAINST COLLAPSE AND LOSS OF FUNCTION IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTHQUAKES TECHNOLOGIES THAT FACILITATE PREPARATION OF DISASTER SCENARIOS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTHQUAKES
TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
STRATEGIC COLLABORATION (I.E., WORKING TOGETHER ON A
COMMON GOAL)
FOR BECOMING EARTHQUAKE DISASTER
RESILIENT
STRATEGIC COLLABORATION (I.E., WORKING TOGETHER ON A
COMMON GOAL)
FOR BECOMING EARTHQUAKE DISASTER
RESILIENT
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIESEMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR EQ DISASTER RESILIENCE
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR EQ DISASTER RESILIENCE
• MEASURMENT TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., GROUND SHAKING; STRAIN)
• INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (E.G., GIS)
• RISK MODELING (E.G., HAZUS, INSURANCE UNDERWRITING)
• MEASURMENT TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., GROUND SHAKING; STRAIN)
• INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (E.G., GIS)
• RISK MODELING (E.G., HAZUS, INSURANCE UNDERWRITING)
• DATABASES • DISASTER
SCENARIOS• ZONATION OF
POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS AS A TOOL FOR POLICY DECISIONS
• DATABASES • DISASTER
SCENARIOS• ZONATION OF
POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS AS A TOOL FOR POLICY DECISIONS
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR EQ DISASTER RESILIENCE
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR EQ DISASTER RESILIENCE
• AUTOMATED CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMEMT
• PREFABRICATION AND MODULARIZATION
• ADVANCED MATERIALS (E.G., COMPOSITES)
• COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN
• PERFORMANCE BASED CODES AND STANDARDS
• ACTIVE AND PASSIVE ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES (E.G., BASE ISOLATION)
• REAL-TIME MONITORING AND WARNING SYSTEMS
• COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN
• PERFORMANCE BASED CODES AND STANDARDS
• ACTIVE AND PASSIVE ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES (E.G., BASE ISOLATION)
• REAL-TIME MONITORING AND WARNING SYSTEMS
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR EQ DISASTER RESILIENCE
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR EQ DISASTER RESILIENCE
• PROBABILISTIC FORECASTS OF PHYSICAL EFFECTS
• MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., SEISMIC NETWORKS, TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM)
• PROBABILISTIC FORECASTS OF PHYSICAL EFFECTS
• MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., SEISMIC NETWORKS, TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM)
• DATABASES• SEISMIC ENGINEERING • MAPS: GROUND
SHAKING, GTOUND FAILURE, TSUNAMI WAVE RUNIP
• DISASTER SCENARIOS• WARNING SYSTEMS• RISK MODELING (E.G.,
HAZUS, INSURANCE UNDERWRITING)
• DATABASES• SEISMIC ENGINEERING • MAPS: GROUND
SHAKING, GTOUND FAILURE, TSUNAMI WAVE RUNIP
• DISASTER SCENARIOS• WARNING SYSTEMS• RISK MODELING (E.G.,
HAZUS, INSURANCE UNDERWRITING)