THE ANIMAL KINGDOMChapters 12-19

CHAPTER 12: PORIFERA AND CNIDARIANS:

Porifera (sponges): -Invertebrates with a

hollow body and two layers of cells (ectoderm and endoderm)

(“ecto” = outer, “endo” = inner, “derm” = skin)

-Reproduce asexually by budding and regeneration, or sexually with sperm and eggs

Natural sponges for cleaning

CNIDARIANS (JELLYFISH AND RELATIVES):

-Lives attached to a solid surface as a polyp

-Swims freely as a medusa

Coral reefs provide food and shelter for marine organisms

QUESTIONS:1. What are flagella, and how do

sponges use them? (page 201)2. All cnidarians have radial

symmetry, what does this mean? (page 203)

3. Explain how sponges reproduce by the process of regeneration. (page 202)

1. A whip-like structure that they use to keep a steady stream of water flowing through its body cavity.

2. All body parts are arranged around its mouth, like the spokes of a wheel.

3. A piece falls or breaks off and whole new sponge can grow from that piece.

CHAPTER 13: WORMS Have three layers of cells, an

endoderm, an ectoderm and a mesoderm (“meso” = middle, “derm” = skin)

Some types: A) Flatworms (ex: tapeworms) B) Roundworms (ex:

pinworms) C) Segmented worms (ex: earthworms)

Many types of worms are parasites

PARASITIC WORMS VIDEOS:Kids and Pinworms

Tapeworms in the brain?

QUESTIONS:1. Worms have bilateral symmetry, what does this mean? (page 216)

2. What are ganglia? (page 221)

3. Why do earthworms avoid sunlight?

CHAPTER 14: MOLLUSKS AND ECHINODERMS

Mollusks:

Have a soft body, usually covered by a protective shell

(ex: snail, clam, octopus)

Echinoderms:

Name means “spiny skin”. Radial symmetry body with

an exoskeleton (“exo” = outer)

(ex: sea urchin, sea star)

QUESTIONS:1. What is a visceral mass? (page 234)2. What is the difference between

univalves and bivalves? (pages 234 and 236)

3. What structure do clams use to feed? (page 236)

4. Explain how pearls are formed. (page 245)

MOLLUSK VIDEO:

Nature of Things: "Aliens of the Deep Sea" (Smart Mullosks)

CHAPTER 15: ARTHROPODS Have jointed

appendages (arms, legs etc)

Have segmented bodies

Have an exoskeleton.

Examples: insects, crabs, scorpions (arachnids).

QUESTIONS:

1. For what purpose(s) do crustaceans use each of the following structures: (page 256)

A) Mandibles

B) Antennae

CHAPTER 16: FISHES Are vertebrates

Are ectothermic(“ecto” = outer, “thermic” =

heat)

Three types:

a) Jawless (ex: lampreys)b) Cartilaginous (ex: sharks)c) Bony (ex: Codfish, trout)

QUESTIONS FROM PAGE 282-283:

Applying definitions #’s: 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10

Content Review #’s: 2, 3, 4

CHAPTER 17: AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES

Amphibians: Breathe with gills as

larvae, but lungs as adults Are ectothermic Lay eggs without shells in

water (ex: frogs, salamanders) Reptiles: Breathe with lungs Are ectothermic Lay eggs with shells on

land (snakes, lizards)

QUESTIONS:1. What does the term “metamorphosis” mean? (page 287)

2. What do amphibians use mucus glands for? (page 289)

Concept Review #’s: 3, 6 (pg 303)

CHAPTER 18: BIRDS Distinguished by feathers

Have wings and legs

Have lightweight (hollow) bones

Body is adapted for flight

Are endothermic (“endo” = inner, “thermic” = heat)

QUESTIONS:1. For what purpose do birds use each of

the following structures?A) an egg tooth (page 315)B) a crop (page 311)C) a gizzard (page 311)

2. Why do birds migrate? (page 316)

Content Review #’s: 1, 2, 3, 4 (Page 319)

THE INTELLIGENCE OF BIRDS:

"A Murder of Crows“

http://www.cbc.ca/video/#/Shows/The_Nature_of_Things/1242300217/ID=1385855962

CHAPTER 19: MAMMALS Are endothermic Are vertebrates Have hair, mammary

glands, 4-chambered heart, large brain

Types: A) Monotremes (ex:

platypus) B) Marsupials (ex:

kangaroos) C) Placental (ex: humans)

QUESTIONS:1. What is a gestation period? (page 326)2. Define each of the following:A) monotreme (pg 323)B) marsupial (pg 323)C) Placental (pg 323)

Matching #’s: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (pg 338)Content Review #’s: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 (pg

339)