The American Civil War (1861-1865);

AKS38; Ch.11Ch. 11

AKS 38

EQ• What were the major differences between the

Union and the Confederacy with regard to strengths, weaknesses, and military strategies?

• How did these differences present themselves on and off the battlefield in the early stages of the Civil War?

A House Divided• With a partner discuss what you think Lincoln is trying

to say in this 1958 speech:• “’A house divided against itself cannot stand.’ I believe

this government cannot endure, permanently, half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved; I do not expect the house to fall; but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction, or its advocates will push it forward till it shall become alike lawful in all the states, old as well as new, North as well as South.”

Fort Sumter• Fort Sumter—Union outpost in Charleston harbor • Confederates demand surrender of Fort Sumter

−Lincoln’s dilemma• First shots April 12, 1861

Order of Secession

Advantages/Strategies of WarNorth/UnionPresident Lincoln• Soldiers, factories, food,

railroads• Anaconda plan: Union

strategy to conquer South−Blockade Southern ports

• What does “blockade” mean?

−divide Confederacy in two in west

−capture Richmond, Confederate capital

South/ConfederacyPresident Jefferson Davis• Cotton profits, generals,

motivation• defense• invade North if

opportunity arises• Incredible will (The Rebel

Yell!!!!!)

http://www.history.com/shows/america-the-story-of-us/videos/abraham-lincoln#lincolns-war-machine

Review• Where were the first shots fired?• What were the strengths of the Union?• What were the strengths of the Confederacy?• What was the strategy of the Union?• What was the strategy of the Confederacy?

The GeneralsNorth

• Ulysses S. Grant− Had reputation as a

drunkard− One many battles on the

Western front of the War before being promoted

− Unlikely hero – brave and tough

− 18th President− Always wore a privates

uniform despite being a general

South• Robert E. Lee

− Lincoln’s first choice to lead the Union Army

− Incredible soldier and military expert

− One of the best generals in U.S. history

− Did not support slavery but was loyal to Virginia

The most significant advantage to the North….Abe Lincoln in 1861 Abe Lincoln in 1865

Abraham Lincoln• Honest, eloquent, and courageous• The “Great Emancipator”• Lawyer by trade• Born in Kentucky, but call Illinois home• Arguably the best President in history• Thought of as a rube during his life• First President to be assassinated• “Dark horse”• Used bible stories to communicate to people

http://www.history.com/shows/america-the-story-of-us/videos/abraham-lincoln#abraham-lincoln

Bull Run – first major bloodshed• Major defeat for the Union• Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

− “"There is Jackson standing like a stone wall. Let us determine to die here, and we will conquer. Rally behind the Virginians!"

Review• Who was the President of the U.S.• Who was the President of the Confederacy?• Who was the leading General of the Union?• Who was the leading General of the

confederacy?

Antietam, Maryland• Bloodiest single day battle in the history of the

United States− Approximately 23,000 soldiers killed

• Battle a standoff; Confederates retreat; McClellan does not pursue

• - Lincoln fires McClellan

http://www.history.com/videos/the-battle-of-antietam#the-battle-of-antietam

Ch11.2

EQ• Why did Lincoln issue the

Emancipation Proclamation of 1863?• Explain the significance of Lincoln’s

use of emergency powers.

Lincoln’s views on slavery• Federal government has no power to abolish slavery

where it exists• Lincoln decides army can emancipate slaves who labor

for Confederacy• Emancipation discourages Britain from supporting the

South

Letter to Horace Greely (1862)“My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that.” Get with an elbow partner and discuss what you think about

Lincoln’s views on slavery (3 min)

GO!

Emancipation Proclamation (1863)• Emancipation Proclamation—issued by Lincoln in

1863:−frees slaves behind Confederate lines −does not apply to areas occupied by Union or slave states

in Union

Reactions to Proclamation• Proclamation has symbolic value, gives war high moral

purpose−What do we mean by “symbolic” value?

• Free blacks welcome ability to fight against slavery• Northern Democrats claim will antagonize South,

prolong war• Confederacy becomes more determined to preserve

way of life• Compromise no longer possible; one side must defeat

the other

Dealing with dissent and disloyalty• Habeas Corpus – order to bring accused to court,

name charges− Lincoln suspends− First time in U.S. History

• Copperheads—Northern Democrats advocating peace—among arrested

Conscription• Casualties, desertions lead to conscription—draft to

serve in army• Both armies allow draftees to hire substitutes to serve

for them• Planters with more than 20 slaves exempted

−Why do you think this might be?

Review• What were the results of the Emancipation

Proclamation?• Why did Lincoln issue the order?• What is Habeas Corpus?

ONE WORD• Describe what we talked about today in one

word!• Let’s share!

Before we watch the video, think about…• What it must have been like for free-blacks to

fight for the Union…

African-American Soldiers• African Americans 1% of North’s population, by war’s

end 10% of army• Lower pay than white troops for most of war; limits on

military rank• High mortality from disease; POWs killed or returned to

slavery

Southern reaction to black soldiers

The Rebels also considered enlisting slaves in battle. Georgia Gen. Howell Cobb said “If slaves will make good soldiers our whole theory of slavery is wrong.”

Get with an elbow partner and discuss what you think about Howell’s comments (3 min)

GO!

EconomiesUnion• Industries that supply

army boom• Women replace men on

farms, city jobs, government jobs

• Congress establishes first income tax on earnings to pay for war

Confederacy• Food shortages from lost

manpower, Union occupation, loss of slaves

• Blockade creates other shortages; some Confederates trade with enemy

What have we learned so far• 3 - key ideas you think are most important• 2 - things you need to study or learn more

about• 1 - question you have

EQ• What were the battles that turned the tide of

war for the North?• Who were the major players, and what were the

major events that brought victory home for the Union?

Prelude to Gettysburg• May 1863, South defeats North at Chancellorsville• Stonewall Jackson mistakenly shot by own troops

−dies 8 days later of pneumonia• Lee invades North to get supplies, support of

Democrats

The Battle of Gettysburg (Pennsylvania)• Three-day battle at Gettysburg cripples South, turning

point of war• Confederates go to find shoes; meet Union cavalry• July 1, Confederates drive Union back, take town

−Little Round Top−Pickett's charge

Before we watch the videos, think about…• What it must have been like to be out of

ammunition in battle and only have your bayonet!

• Think about what it must have been like for the soldiers charging knowing that chances are that you may not make it!

Grant at Vicksburg• Confederate Vicksburg prevents Union from controlling

Mississippi• Spring 1863, Union destroys MS rail lines, sacks

Jackson• Grant’s assaults on Vicksburg fail, begins siege in May• Starving Confederates surrender on July 4• Splits confederacy in two!

Northern Victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg are announced on the same day July 4, 1863.

Review• What is the significance of Gettysburg?• What is the significance of Vicksburg?

Before we watch the video, think about…• What is the central theme to Lincoln’s famous

speech?• Do you think the fact it was so short was

supposed to mean something?

The Gettysburg Address (Nov. 19, 1863)Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

Grant and Lee in Virginia• Grant’s strategy: immobilize Lee in VA while Sherman

raids Georgia• May 1864–April 1865, Grant and Lee fight many battles• Heavy losses on both sides; North can replace soldiers,

South cannot

Sherman’s March to the Sea

“I am going to make Georgia howl.”

-William Tecumseh Sherman

Sherman’s March to the Sea• Total War – Scotched earth!• Atlanta, GA and Columbia, SC burned

− Ever notice that there are not many old buildings in Atlanta

• Cuts a wide path of destruction• Battle of Atlanta

BAD DUDE!

Sherman’s March

Lincoln re-elected in 1864• Lincoln’s Second Inaugural speech

− "but let us judge not, that we be not judged" − “With malice toward none, with charity for

all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations. “

• Write a short paragraph (4 sentences) explaining what Lincoln’s main idea is

Before we watch, think about…• What it must have been like for the slaves in

Richmond to see Abraham Lincoln.• How it must have felt for those in Richmond to

see their city destroyed.

Review• What were some of the tactics Sherman used?• What were the results of his

Richmond Falls

http://www.history.com/videos/lincoln-the-fall-of-richmond#lincoln-the-fall-of-richmond

Lincoln in Richmond

Appomattox• Davis’s government leaves Richmond• Lee surrenders April 1865 at village of Appomattox

Court House (town not an actual Court House)• Lee’s soldiers paroled on generous terms

Before we watch, think about…• What kind of surrender terms would you have

given Lee…

Confederacy Surrenders• http://www.history.com/videos/surrender-at-appo

mattox-courthouse#surrender-at-appomattox-courthouse

Review• Where did the Confederates Surrender?• What were the terms?• What was Lincoln’s attitude toward the South?

EQ• What are the impacts of the American Civil War?

The AftermathNorth

• Industry booms• Commercial agriculture

takes hold

South• Industry destroyed• Farms destroyed• Economy in shambles

620,000 DEAD

The Thirteenth Amendment• Section 1. “Neither slavery nor involuntary

servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.”

• What does this effectively mean?

The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln• April 14, 1865, Lincoln is shot at Ford’s Theatre… only 6

days after Lee’s surrender at Appomattox• Assassin John Wilkes Booth escapes, trapped by

Union cavalry, shot• 7 million people pay respects to Lincoln’s

funeral train

“Now he belongs to the ages.”

Write a short story…• Pretend you are a person who just heard the

news that Lincoln was shot… you can be a Union soldier, confederate soldier, a freed slave, or any type of U.S. citizen…. Discuss how the assassination would have made you feel.

EQ• What are the impacts of the American Civil War?