The Albert Luthuli Memorial Lecture 21 0ctober 2005

"Their [ANC leaders] policiesare in accordance with the deepest

international principles ofbrotherhood and humanity, withouttheir leadership, brotherhood andhumanity may be blasted out of

existence in South Africa for longdecades to come".

The Albert Luthuli Memorial Lecture

21 0ctober 2005

arts and culture LET THE SPIRIT OF

LUTHULI SPEAK TO ALL

Editors:Professor Dasarath Chetty& Deanne Collins

Editorial Assistant: Indu Moodley

Publisher: Public Affairs and CorporateCommunications, University of KwaZulu-Natal

Date of Publication: October 2005

Design: AFROSPiCE

ISBN No: 0-620-35344-9

Acknowledgements

Cover quote: From the statement issued by ChiefLuthuli on June 12, 1964 when Nelson Mandelaand seven other leaders were sentence to lifeimprisonment in the Rivonia Trial

Back Cover: Bronze Sculpture of Albert LuthuliUnveiled on 21 August 2004, Municipal GardensKwaDukuza. Artist, Gert Swart.

Photographs used in this publication, courtesy ofthe Luthuli Museum, Groutville & AFROSPiCE.

The Albert Luthuli Memorial Lecture

21 0ctober 2005

CONTENTSFOREWORDProfessor Dasarath Chetty

FROM THE DESK OF THE VICE-CHANCELLORProfessor Malegapuru Makgoba

FROM THE DESK OF THE MINISTER OFARTS AND CULTURE, Dr Pallo Jordan

FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OFZAMBIA, His Excellency, Dr Kenneth Kaunda

CHIEF ALBERT JOHN MVUMBI LUTHULI1898 -1967, Reginald Letsatsi

INAUGURAL ALBERT LUTHULI MEMORIALLECTURE BY THE PRESIDENT OFSOUTH AFRICA, Thabo Mbeki

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16INAUGURAL ALBERT LUTHULI MEMORIALLECTURE BY THE PRESIDENT OFSOUTH AFRICA, Thabo Mbeki 16

The struggle for democracy in South Africa has alwayshad an international component. The support of theinternational community was critical to the people’s campaignfor democracy and human rights. Many governments, non-governmental organisations and religious organisations,both on the continent and abroad, made tremendoussacrifices in order to further the attainment of the endsof peace and justice in South Africa. In this trajectory,Lusaka became the hub of activity for exiled South Africans

for many reasons, probably the most important of thembeing the commitment of Dr. Kenneth Kaunda to a free and

decolonised Africa. In a real sense therefore Dr. KennethKaunda represented the embodiment of the “deepest international principles ofbrotherhood and humanity”, to use Chief Albert Luthuli’s words, in supporting andsacrificing for the South African people.

Dr. Kenneth Kaunda played an iconic role in the freedomstruggle on the continent of Africa and it is thereforeappropriate that he was chosen to deliver the second AlbertLuthuli Memorial Lecture after it was inaugurated byPresident Thabo Mbeki last year. The lecture is aimed atgiving statesman of such outstanding calibre the opportunityto reflect on how Chief Luthuli’s ideals and values, manifestthrough his actions, will always resonate with relevanceand integrity in the quest for true civilisation.

It is now clear that a democratic South Africa, given theinequities that characterise our continent, will continueto prosper only if it serves to foster economic developmentand good governance on the rest of the continent as well.It has been amply demonstrated in micro and macro settingsthat it is unrealistic to expect islandsof wealth and opulence to exist in asea of poverty. In other words,South Africa’s role hasdramatically changed from oneof destabilisation just over adecade ago to being a leader,through the NEPAD and otherinitiatives, promoting peace,economic development and stabilityon the African continent and inSouthern Africa in particular. In thisquest South Africans, in a smallway, will be reciprocating for thecontributions our Africancounterparts madeduring the dark days ofapartheid oppression.

In this publication, Vice-

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Chancellor Professor M.W Makgobaexplains the pertinence of the AlbertLuthuli Memorial Lecture beinghosted by UKZN in striving tobe the Premier University ofAfrican Scholarship; ascholarship that theChancellor Dr. FreneGinwala described as being“on and of the continentof Africa”. The Minister ofArts & Culture Dr. Z.Pallo Jordan explains thenational legacy project,the contextual backgroundto the memorial lectureand the significance of therole played by Dr. KennethKaunda. Reginald Letsatsi,Director of the LuthuliMuseum, presents afitting tribute to ChiefAlbert John MvumbiLuthuli. And thepresentation by PresidentThabo Mbeki appropriatelyentitled “The TempoQuickens” provides theinaugural benchmark.

the deepest international principles of brotherhood and humanity 3

Chief Albert John Mvumbi Luthuli was a true son of Africa.His life was characterized by an indefatigable commitmentto the ideals of democracy, peace and freedom, and anunstinting faith in the potential of Africa to make a vitalcontribution to the world.

It is particularly pertinent that the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) is co-hosting the Albert Luthuli MemorialLecture. The vision, mission and goals of the University

mirror those held dear by Chief Luthuli. UKZN is strivingto be the Premier University of African Scholarship. This is

a scholarship that is committed to the potential of Africa tomake a vital contribution to the world. It is a scholarship that celebrates diversityand promotes democracy, equality, equity, justice, development and intellectualhumility.

The Premier University of African Scholarship is African in its form and content,in its essence and appearance. It embraces the best in universal scientificdevelopment and produces usable knowledge. It produces students with the abilityto think critically, to intervene in social processes and to participate in thereconstruction and development of our country.

Those who have been invited to deliver the Albert LuthuliMemorial Lecture have been outstanding role models who

embody the ideas of Chief Albert Luthuli. The InauguralLecture in 2004 was delivered by President

Thabo Mbeki. This year, we are honouredto be addressed by

From the desk of the

Vice-Chancellor, UKZN

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His Excellency Dr Kenneth Kaunda,first President of the Republic ofZambia. UKZN is proud to be partof the National Legacy Project, whichhonours the memory of all the sons,daughters, mothers, fathers andchildren who gave so much toensure that we could live in a freeSouth Africa.


“It is a day of dedication, because Africans, rememberingthe past and bearing in mind their duty for the future,dedicate themselves afresh to work for the objectives forwhich they made the supreme sacrifice. ‘Not for nothingdid they do it’ should be our watchword. “Chief Albert JohnMvumbi Luthuli, June 1953.

This year, South Africa’s esteemed friend, Dr KennethKaunda, that campaigner for peace, prosperity and the

eradication of poverty, will give our second Albert LuthuliMemorial Lecture, as our tribute to Chief Albert Luthuli.

He will provide testimony to the life of Chief Albert Luthuli, and through therendering of Dr Kaunda’s memories and his sharing of his philosophy, we will recallthe past, and be mindful of its lessons. We will be assured that, like Chief Luthuli,if we work for the betterment of our lives and those with whom we share thiscontinent, we would also be able to use the watchword, “Not for nothing did theydo it”. At this juncture we are celebrating the 50th anniversary of the FreedomCharter, our rock-bed of democracy.

The Albert Luthuli Memorial Lecture was born out of the Chief Albert LuthuliNational Legacy Project, whose other elements included the restoration of his oldhouse in Groutville, which is now a declared cultural institution (museum), wherepeople can visit and learn more about the life of this great man. Other elementsthat memorialize his contribution to South Africa include the public sculpture(statue) of himself installed in KwaDukuza, Stanger, a portrait bust of himselfinstalled at the museum; the restoration of his grave at the U.C.C.S.A. Churchwhere his remains were laid to rest and the production of a film documentary on

his life, which was recently flighted on national televisionas part of the commemoration of his life.

The objective of the Albert Luthuli Memorial Lectureis not only about honoring the life of this greatSouth African statesman, the Noble Peace Prizelaureate and the stalwart of the South Africanstruggle for liberation, but: “To preserve his memoryand further develop his vision and philosophy of anon racial, peaceful and democratic order in SouthAfrica, Africa and the world in general”.

The inaugural lecture was launched by the Presidentof the Republic of South Africa, Mr T Mbeki, on21 March 2004 at the University of KwaZulu Natal,

where Chief Albert Luthuli was conferred a posthumoushonorary doctorate in law.

The participation of Dr Kaunda in the Luthuli MemorialLecture is significant as it recognises the influential role

played by the Republic of Zambia and other African states

From the desk of the Minister of

Arts and Culture

The objective ...is not only abouthonoring the life of this great SouthAfrican statesman,...but: “Topreserve his memory and further develophis vision and philosophy of a nonracial, peaceful and democratic orderin South Africa, Africa and theworld in general.”

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in South Africa’s liberation; because itis a reaffirmation and consolidation ofAfrica’s historical connections and sharedvision in building a peaceful and democraticAfrica; and because it is the first timethat a foreign former head of state; whois a contemporary of Luthuli; presentsa keynote address on Chief Albert Luthulion a public platform.

The Ministry of Arts and Culture wouldlike to thank its partners the LuthuliMuseum and the University of KwaZuluNatal in making a success of the secondAlbert Luthuli Memorial Lecture.


Dr Kaunda was born on 28 April 1924 at Lubwa Mission in Northern Rhodesia,the youngest of eight children. His father, the Reverend David Kaunda, was anordained Church of Scotland missionary and teacher. His mother was one of thefirst women teachers in the country. He married Betty Banda in 1946 and hasten children.

In 1962, Dr Kaunda became the Minister of Local Government and Social Welfareand the Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia and was elected as the first Presidentof the Republic of Zambia in 1964, a position he helduntil 1991.

StatesmanDr Kaunda was in the forefront of the efforts to liberate all of Africa, serving asthe President of the Pan-African Freedom Movement for East, Central andSouthern Africa (Pafmesca) in 1962 and as Chairman of the Organization ofAfrican Unity (OAU) from 1970 to 1973.

Dr Kaunda also played key roles in the resolution of territorial disputes betweenKenya and Somalia and the liberation movements in Angola, Mozambique, Namibia,Zimbabwe and South Africa. As the Chairman of the Frontline States, it was hisleadership that resulted in the release of Nelson Mandela and changes that havetaken place in South Africa.

Peace FoundationAs part of his dedication to establishing peace in Africa Dr. Kaunda founded theKenneth Kaunda Peace Foundation in 1992. He now devotes his life to fightingAids and poverty in Africa.

WriterIn addition to his political career, Dr Kaunda is the author of several books,including Black Government, Zambia Shall Be Free, A Humanist in Africa (withColin Morris), Humanism in Zambia and its Implementation, Human in Zambia,Part II Letter to My Children, and Kaunda on Violence.

AwardsDr. Kaunda is the recipient of many honors and awards. He was awarded HonoraryDoctorates of Law from the Universities of Fordham, Dublin, Wales, Windsor(Canada), Sussex, York and Chile, and Honorary degrees from Humboldt StateUniversity, California and University of Zambia. Other Awards include the Orderof the Collar of the Nile; Order of the Greatest Zimbabwe (from Pres Mugabe)and the Order of the Companions of O.R. Tambo from the Republic ofSouth Africa.

First President of the Republic of Zambia His Excellency,

Dr Kenneth Kaunda

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Albert John Mvumbi Luthuli was born in 1898 in Rhodesia(now Zimbabwe) and raised by parents with very strongChristian convictions. His father, John Bunyan Luthuli, wasa Christian missionary who spent most of the last yearsof his life in the missions among the Ndebele people ofZimbabwe. His mother, Mtonya Gumede, spent part of herchildhood in the Royal household of King Cetshwayo, thegreat Zulu King, but was raised in Groutville and joined herhusband in Zimbabwe.of chiefs. His grandfather, Ntaba Luthuli was elected Chief

of Groutville in 1860 and held the chieftainship during theyears of the war between the Zulus and the British. On his

death, he was succeeded by his cousin and then by his elderson, Martin, who was elected to the chieftainship by the people. Chief Luthuli’sfather was Ntaba’s second son. He went to the former Rhodesia to serve withthe Rhodesian forces in the Matebele wars and later joined the Seventh DayAdventist mission as evangelist and interpreter.

Following his father’s death in 1908, Chief Luthuli’s mother returned with herchildren to the Umvoti Reserve in Groutville, where he was brought up by hisuncle, Martin Luthuli, one of the founders of the African National Congress (ANC)in KwaZulu-Natal. With the support of his mother, he completed his primary schooleducation at Groutville Primary, studied and obtained preliminary training to be

a teacher in Edenvale near Pietermaritzburg and later obtained a bursaryto Adams College at Amanzimtoti, where

he earned a Higher Teacher’sCertificate.

Chief Luthuli wasappointed

Chief Albert John Mvumbi

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principal of a primary school in Natal and taught at Adams College from 1921where ZK Matthews, who was to become one of the leading black academics inSouth Africa, was a principal of the High School. The most significant event inChief Luthuli’s life at Adams College was in 1927, when he married NokukhanyaBhengu, a teacher and granddaughter of a hereditary Zulu chief. In 1928, hewas elected Secretary of the African Teachers Association under the presidencyof ZK Matthews.

In 1933 the elders of the tribe, together with local white missionaries, approachedChief Luthuli to consider succeeding his uncle as chief. In 1935, he left the teachingprofession to become a Chief of Groutville. Apart from the economic decline thatthe whole country was experiencing due to the Depression, the governmentimposed harsh and unfair laws prohibiting trade unionism, strike action, and denyingAfricans the opportunity to develop technical skills by excluding them from theprovisions of the Apprenticeship Act. For the first time, Chief Luthuli’s religiousbeliefs were tested by the spectacle of the land hunger of his own local people –‘confined to 4 or 5 acres a family’, whilst their white counterparts were afforded375 acres a person. He felt the poverty and daily hurt to human beings inflictedby a system which led the men to migrate to the mines and the women to cities,causing the breaking up of families.

As a Chief, Albert Luthuli presided over a wide range of community disputes,allocated land,

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and generally kept order within the tribal system. He took the revolutionary stepby admitting women to tribal councils. Within months, he had re-organized theeconomy of the Umvoti Reserves and was central in the extension of the Nataland Zululand Cane Growers Association. The more insight he acquired into localgovernment, the more he understood the plight of ordinary black people underapartheid, the obduracy of the white civil service, and the use of diplomacy whendealing with government officials and how to be resolute in the face of theirintransigence.

In 1938 Chief Luthuli visited India as part of the delegation to the InternationalMissionary Conference in Madras. African representatives traveled second classand their white counterparts went first class. He was concerned about the failureof the Church in South Africa to tackle poverty. In India, the Church was alreadytacking poverty by means of agricultural projects.

Chief Luthuli joined the ANC in 1945. In 1946 the government invited him andZK Matthews to serve on the native representative council (NRC) which was laterdisbanded. In 1948 he attended the North American Missionary Conference andgave a series of lectures in the United States of America.

In 1951 he was elected to the presidency of the African National CongressyaseNatal.

In September 1952 the Minister of Native Affairs, Dr HF Verwoerd summonedChief Luthuli to Pretoria and gave him an ultimatum to choose between his workas a Chief of AmaKholwa and his affiliation with the ANC. In November 1952, thegovernment deposed him from the chieftainship. In December 1952 at a conferenceof the ANC, Chief Luthuli was elected president-general to replace Dr JS Moroka.

The defining moments of Chief Luthuli’s leadership of the liberation struggle wereduring the 1950s. ‘Beginning with the Defiance Campaign of 1952, the leadershipof the ANC and the two Indian Congresses commenced a period of united action,built in and through struggles, that was to transform the ANC into a militantmass movement. A decade marked by militant mass struggles in the shape of theDefiance Campaign, the Stay-at-Home strikes, the bus boycott, the mass campaignagainst passes for Women, the struggle against Bantu Education, the Workers’struggle for a pound-a-day minimum wage and host of local struggles’. It wasunder his strong leadership that many of these campaigns were organized.

In 1953 Chief Luthuli was banned for one year from attending any political orpublic gatherings and prohibited from entering any major cities. Thus began adecade of harassment, imprisonment and restrictions aimed at demoralizing alldemocrats and freedom fighters. When Chief Luthuli’s first banning order expired,a second ban confining him to within a twenty-mile radius of his home for anothertwo years was imposed. At the end of the second ban, he attended an ANCconference, only to be arrested along with 155 others and charged with treasonin December 1956. After being held in prison for a year during the preliminaryhearings, he was released in December 1957 and the charges against him and64 others were dropped.

Chief Luthuli’s return to active leadership of the ANC in 1958 was cut short bythe imposition of a third banning order prohibiting him from publishing anything

Chief Albert John Mvumbi

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and confining him to within a fifteen-mile radius of his home for five years. Thisban was temporarily lifted so that he could testify at the treason trial. It was laterlifted in March 1960 to enable the apartheid regime to arrest and charge himfor publicly burning his own pass. Chief Luthuli was charged, found guilty, finedand given a suspended sentence due to poor health. Despite being held underhouse arrest in Groutville, his campaigns for non-violence continued to be heardin many parts of the world.

When the Nobel Peace Prize Committee decided to confer the Nobel Peace Prizeon Chief Luthuli in 1961, the whole world saw this as an act in solidarity with thestruggle for freedom in South Africa. For ten days in December 1961, ChiefLuthuli was permitted to travel with his wife, uMama uNokukhanya to attend theNobel Peace Prize ceremonies in Oslo.

In May 1964, the fourth banning order, for five years, confined Chief Luthuli tothe immediate vicinity of his home in Groutville. On 21 July 1967, Chief Luthuli,aged 69, was allegedly struck by a freight train as he walked on the trestle bridgeover the Umvoti River.

A Praise song for Luthuli by Alan Paton

You there, Lutuli,they thought your world was smallThey thought you lived in GroutvilleNow they discoverIt is the world you lived in.

You there, Lutuli,they thought your name was smallLutuli of GroutvilleNow they discoverYour name is everywhere.

You there, Lutuli,they thought that you were chainedLike a backyard dogNow they discoverThey are in prison, but you are free.

You there, Lutuli,they took your name of ChiefYou were not worthyNow they discoverYou are more Chief than ever

You there, Lutuli,may your days be longYour country cannot spare youWin for us also, LutuliThe prize of Peace.


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Inaugural Albert Luthuli Memorial Lecture by

the President of South Africa

Thabo MbekiDeputy Minister SonjicaMembers of the Luthuli familyProfessors and lecturers, students and workersDistinguished GuestsLadies and Gentlemen.

THE TEMPO QUICKENS!In the postscript to his book, "Let my People Go", AlbertLuthuli writes about the momentous events of the late

1950's and early 1960's, and about the atrocious conditionsunder which Africans worked in the then Eastern Transvaal

where every year, Africans who had been arrested as Passoffenders, were carted out of jail and forced to harvest potatoes with their barehands under the regular whip lashes of both the white farmers and their 'baas-boys' and made to live in filthy hovels.

AJ Luthuli says their diet "is unmentionable, a good deal worse than prison farefor Africans - why keep them alive when there are more where they came from?'Inspection' amounts to a call on the white farmer, and a little chat over coffeeon the stoep. Murders, the result of prolonged beatings and semi-starvation, orof sudden fits of anger, are committed". (P195, Published by Fontana Books,1962)

In the face of the criminal alliance between the apartheid state, the police andfarmers, that led to these terrible conditions, the ANC initiated the Potato Boycott,which served as a stimulus for other mass actions against a whole range ofoppressive measures and mobilising the mass of the people of this country fromPondoland to Sekhukhuniland, from Zeerust to Alexandra Township and here inKwaZulu-Natal.

This momentum continued into 1960 and beyond, when resistance and defiancedefined the lives of our people throughout our country.

Having observed the determination and fortitude of his people in the face of brutalforce, and having realised that the struggle for freedom had gathered the necessaryspeed, Albert Luthuli entitled his article commenting on these events, "The TempoQuickens!"

I have therefore given this lecture the same title, to pay tribute to this greatAfrican leader on the occasion of the posthumous conferral of an honoraryDoctorate of Laws. We wish to take advantage of this solemn moment to reportto him and other heroes and heroines, that after 10 years of the final defeat ofcolonialism and white minority domination on our continent, we are determinedto quicken the tempo as we work to eradicate the legacy of the defeated double-headed monster, colonialism and apartheid, transforming this land of Albert Luthuliinto a non-racial, non-sexist and prosperous society.I am therefore honoured to deliver this inaugural Albert Luthuli Lecture, to speak

20 March 2004, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal


about an outstanding patriot whose lifeand principled commitment to thestruggle for liberation should serve asan example to all of us as we engage thedifficult and challenging task of translatinghis vision for his people and continentinto reality.

But before we speak of these obstaclesand the tempo that has accelerated ata very fast pace, let us make a briefreturn to a time more than a centuryago, when Albert Luthuli came into thisworld.

Albert Luthuli was born in 1898, nearBulawayo in Zimbabwe. His father wasa Seventh Day Adventist evangelist andinterpreter in its Bulawayo mission. Hewas born during a century defined bythe colonial subjugation of Africa byEuropean powers during the so-calledScramble for Africa, and its infamousBerlin Conference of 1884-1885, whereGerman Chancellor Bismarck presidedover a cabal of representatives of thepowerful European states as theydistributed Africa among themselves ascolonies to which they believed they wereentitled.

Adam Hochschild has observed in hisbook, "King Leopold's Ghost", that: "TheBerlin Conference was the ultimateexpression of an age whose newfoundenthusiasm for democracy had clearlimits, and slaughtered game had novote.

Even John Stuart Mill, the greatphilosopher of human freedom, hadwritten, in On Liberty, 'Despotism is alegitimate mode of government in dealingwith barbarism, provided the end be theirimprovement'."

Hochschild then says of Bismarck'sconference that: "Not a single Africanwas at the table in Berlin."Of course, to those gathered at theBerlin Conference, they would have seenAfricans as slaughtered game that wasalready on the table, the barbarians who,according to John Stuart Mill, must, forthe greater good, be subjected todespotic rule.

Because most of those gathered at theBerlin conference had never set foot on

the African continent, they arbitrarilydivided territories with scant regard tohistorical, national, cultural, linguistic andreligious ties, thus planting some of thepoisonous seeds that were to germinateinto deadly disputes and conflicts in thepost-colonial Africa.

Bismarck's guests partitioned a continentthey did not know in the manner observedby historian Michael L McNulty when hesaid of this ignorance of Africa:

"A general lack of knowledge and frequentmisunderstanding of the continentcharacterised European thought forcenturies. In many of the early accountsand accompanying maps, scholarsemployed an ingenious cartographicdevice in an attempt to cover up gapsin their knowledge. This practice ischaracterised in a rhyme by Swift writtenin the early eighteen century:

So geographers in Afric mapsWith savage pictures fill the gapsAnd o'r unhabitable downsPlaced elephants for want of towns."(P10, Africa -Third Edition, edited byPhyllis M Martin and Patrick O'Meara,Published by Indiana University Press,1995)

By the end of the 19th century, whenAlbert Luthuli was born, the whole ofAfrica, with the exception of Ethiopiaand Liberia, was under different Europeancolonial powers, despite the heroicstruggles of Africans everywhere todefend their independence, fightingagainst the superior arms of the colonialinvaders.

During these struggles to subjugate thebarbarians, to use JS Mills' nomenclature,our people experienced the barbarismof those who called themselves civilised,that was later expressed in a differentform in the potato farms of the EasternTransvaal.

For instance, during the colonial wars inour country, one war-obsessed Englishadventurer, Stephen Lakeman, gave hisservices to the British colonial rulers inthe Cape. The historian Noel Mostertexplains one of the grisly activities ofLakeman and the British imperial army,quoting from an account recorded during


those years:

"One of his (Lakeman's men) carried underhis jacket a broken reaping-hook to cutthe throats of the women and childrenwe had been taken prisoner on our nightexpeditions. Lakeman, who carried asmall copper vat with him for his'Matutinal tubbing', found on one occasionthat it had been commandeered by thesurgeon of the 60th,, the Royal AmericanRegiment, who, for scientific interest,was boiling about two dozen Xhosa heads,which had been collected by Lakeman'sown men."

Lakeman commented that: "(The colonialarmy) turned my vat into a caldron forthe removal of superfluous flesh. Andthere these men sat, gravely smokingtheir pipes during the live-long night, andstirring round and round the heads inthat seething boiler, as though they werecooking black-apple dumplings." (P1153,Frontiers, Published by Jonathan Cape,1992)

Undoubtedly, in the course of our longstruggle for freedom here at home, inAfrica and elsewhere, we have seen howthose who engage in such indecent actsbecome, themselves, debased; and thosewho condone and justify inhumanbehaviour also become debauched, endingup as demented souls.

Delivering the Nobel Lecture at the OsloUniversity in December of 1961, AlbertLuthuli said:

"But beneath the surface (of politicaloppression) there is a spirit of defiance.The people of South Africa have neverbeen a docile lot, least of all the Africanpeople. We have a long tradition ofstruggle for our national rights, reachingback to the very beginnings of whitesettlement and conquest 300 years ago."

He continues that:"Our history is one of opposition todomination, of protest and refusal tosubmit to tyranny. Consider some of ourgreat names; the great warrior andnation-builder Shaka, who welded tribesinto the Zulu nation from which I spring;Moshoeshoe, the statesman and nationbuilder who fathered the Basotho nationand placed Basotholand beyond the reach

of the claws of the South African whites;Hintsa of the Xhosas who chose deathrather surrender his territory to whiteinvaders. All these and other royal names,as well as other great chieftains, resistedmanfully white intrusion."

(P117, Luthuli - Speeches of Chief AlbertJohn Luthuli, published by MadibaPublishers, 1991)

Luthuli was referring to many heroicstruggles of our forbearers, that mustremain in our collective memory, andfrom which we should always drawstrength as we face obstacles to ourefforts to transform South Africa intoa country that Luthuli lived and died fora democratic, united, non-racial, non-sexist and prosperous society.

These struggles helped to form theconsciousness that made Albert Luthulione of our foremost leaders whose lifeexperience and tireless work for ourliberation is replete with inspiring wisdom.During their advance to occupy the wholeof the then Transvaal, in 1867, theAfrikaners attacked the Venda peoplebut were defeated by King Makhado'sarmy. However, they returned later in1898, to defeat Makhado's successor,King Mphephu, who fled across theLimpopo River into Zimbabwe. (P131,Paul Maylam)

As King Mphephu and some of his peoplefled into Zimbabwe in 1898, Albert Luthuliwas born in that country.

We have recalled our glorious history ofresistance in this lecture, not merely forthe fact that it preceded and coincidedwith the birth of Albert Luthuli towardsthe end of the 19th century, but becausethese historical events formed his politicalconsciousness and inspired him to loftyachievements. We celebrate them onthis occasion because I am confidentthat by always remembering this richhistory of our people, we would, likeLuthuli, be further motivated to persistin our efforts as we face the many andvaried challenges that confront us.

Indeed, like Luthuli, we should do ourwork driven by the spirit of defiance,which says that however intractable thechallenges may be, we come from those


who have never been a docile lot.

We are descendents of those who seea setback and not a defeat, andaccordingly use such reverses as anopportunity to learn, to go back to theplanning room and rectify mistakes andshortcomings, emerging stronger.

Throughout our history of struggle, ofwhich AJ Luthuli was such a toweringgiant, we experienced many of thesesetbacks, but always learned valuablelessons that made the titanic movementthat Luthuli and others embody, a forcethat boldly and squarely faced any andall problems.

Indeed, today we walk in the firmfootprints of men and women who didnot seek instant success, who did notflinch in the face of seeminglyinsurmountable difficulties. These trulyheroic people that gave us the gift ofAlbert Luthuli, live by the injunction aptlyexpressed by Amilcar Cabral, not toclaim easy victories!

Until his untimely and mysterious deathon the 21 July 1967, AJ Luthulidedicated his life to the achievement offreedom for his people.

Drawing inspiration from the philosophicalprinciples of his organisation, the ANC,the general moral traditional Africanteachings and the prescriptions of theChristian faith, he became the livingembodiment of moral rectitude in publiclife, in governance and in inter-racialrelations.

These ideals, he neither doubted norrenounced, even in the face of unrelentingpressure and harassment from theApartheid regime, bent on circumscribinghis public life and thereby muzzling himby wave upon wave of house arrests andbanning orders.

Accordingly, the practical leadershipqualities of Albert Luthuli have had anindelible impact on the entire membershipof his organisation, the ANC, as well asmany other South Africans who wereprivileged to be acquainted with his work.His unshakeable belief in the correctnessof the struggle for equality among all thepeople, irrespective of race, gave him

strength as he confronted the mountingchallenges in the struggle againstapartheid tyranny. In this regard, AlbertLuthuli was not prepared to let his peopleengage in any form of struggle in whichhe himself was not prepared toparticipate.

Thus, it was under his leadership thatthe masses of this country engaged inmany acts of struggle including theDefiance Campaign, the fight againstBantu education, the drafting andadoption of the Freedom Charter, theanti-pass campaigns, and others.

Today, we are privileged to say that after10 years of the democracy that Luthulifought so hard to achieve, we have madesome progress in realising the idealswhich defined his life and for which heworked for so many years. With regardto meeting the challenges that we face,we must together with our people ensurethat The Tempo Quickens!

We say The Tempo Quickens because ifwe had a way of communicating withAlbert Luthuli, we would report thattogether we have traversed the Valleyof a Thousand Hills and heard the echoof the joy and the pain of its inhabitants.

We have trudged the dry earth of Ga-Sekhukhune and felt the hope of a richharvest that will come. We have walkedthe pathways of Orange Farm and thewinding roads of Sterkspruit and seenthe aspirations of a community rise abovethe dust of despair.

And because of this we dare say: TheTempo Quickens!

From the polished floors of theJohannesburg Securities Exchange andthe shiny windows of Die Groote Kerkin Cape Town; from the creative andvivacious minds of the pupils throughoutKwaZulu Natal; from the flowers of hopein the spring of an otherwise dry Karooand from the courage to dare theelements and prosper in the plains ofthe Free State, together we have seenthe glory of a nation being born.

Having observed all this, in this, ourdecade's journey, we dare to ask, asPablo Neruda did of The Men:


The era's beginning: are these ruinedshacks,these poor schools, these people still inrags and tatters,this cloddish insecurity of my poorfamilies,is all this the day? The century's beginning,the golden door?

Having seen all of this, we dare to note,as Pablo Neruda did about The OtherMen:

I breathe at easein the fiscal garden of this centurythat finally is a great big current accountin which I am creditor by luck of the draw

Thanks to investment and intriguewe will sanitise this erano colonial wars will bearthis infamous name, so often repeated,the democratic bulldozerwill take charge of the new dictionary:this 2000 is beautiful, just like 1000:the three identical zeros defend usagainst all unnecessary insurrection.

These Men (and Women), and theseOther Men (and Women) of whom Nerudaspoke, inhabit the two Worlds that weare condemned by history to forge intoone: One Nation in One South Africawith One Economy; One World with themillennial glory of an Africa reborn.

You, as leading minds in our country,are called upon to answer the questionwhether we are indeed bridging thischasm, building one nation out ofdisparate and conflicting pasts. It behovesus to answer this question honestly, anddistinguish ourselves from Pablo Neruda'sHeavenly Poets who did nothing in theface of poverty, who:

Without seeing that the stones are inagony,without defending, without conquering,blinder than the wreathsin the cemetery when the rainfalls on the motionlessrotten flowers on the tomb...did nothing to respond to the agony ofthe living.

10 years into our nation's liberation wecannot afford to answer the question -are we bridging this chasm - in the

negative, for we would not deserve theseats that we occupy in these lecturerooms. Nor can we answer that we havesucceeded, for we should know that thehope that lives in the future that is yetto emerge fully from a troubled past.

Our confidence is about a journey started,a future whose foundation has been laid,a palpable determination to act togetherand give birth to a better life for all.

Accordingly, we say The Tempo Quickens!We say The Tempo Quickens becausewe have followed the trail of the journeyof the heroic men women of South Africa,such as Albert Luthuli. And that journeytells of a constitution and laws thatbestow freedom upon all of us. It tellsof growing equity in the professions andmanagement of our society, of thepresence of all our people in our law-making chambers, of a new army ofbuilders made up of black and whiteSouth Africans.

These developments constitute a storythat tells of a day no longer occupied bythe long walk of the hewers of wood anddrawers of water. They tell of darknessdefeated in an electrified home, of bettereducation for the girl-child, and betteropportunities opening up for many.

Their own experience tells of the emergingpossibility for the children to play togetherin their diversity with gay abandon in theAfrican sun, to learn, to sing, to laughand to cry - simply to be children, in asociety in which dreams justifiably demandpractical expression.

As these children grow to become youth,the myriad of possibilities that come withfreedom are starting to flower.

In this, our decade's journey, we havesought to ensure that "these people stillin rags and tatters", do indeed experiencean improving quality of life.

Having had the opportunity to engage inmany debates about this and that policyand even dining with those who had goodreason to claim South Africa and theworld as their oyster, I am certain weoften wondered whether some amongus are The Other Men of whom PabloNeruda spoke, the heartless:


at the entrance to the millennium today,a rampant anarchopitalistready to bite greedilyinto the apple of the world.

We have wondered whether any of theseOther Men and The Men would ever findcommon cause with the rest and charta future that benefits all!

If Albert Luthuli was to pose the questionwhether The Tempo Quickens I wouldmake bold to say that the new SouthAfrica is a place in which the possibilityfor all to lead a decent life has asserteditself with great boldness.

I, like many of you in this hall, have hadthe privilege to interact with many ofyour peers, South African professionals,scientists and academics of social andnatural sciences, researchers and menand women of letters, like these whoare gathered here; and they tell the taleof a society for the first time startingto harness the talent of a whole nation;of the lessons learnt and the knowledgeimparted, now that they can interactwith peers across the globe; of theemergent truly South African institutionsof higher learning, centres of Africanand human excellence.

At times as we converse with theseintellectuals and allow our minds towander in freedom, we let the imaginationtake control, and in Neruda's words:[saw] the heavens unfastenedand open,... [and] ...wheeled with the stars,[our] heart broke free on the open sky.And having seen all this, can you blameour enthusiasm in declaring that TheTempo Quickens!

Accordingly, to ensure that we maintainthe momentum I would like to call on allgraduates from this university and allthe others in the country, to plough theirskills, expertise and resources back intothe communities as well as their formerinstitutions. Because education is thehallmark of a developing and successfulnation, we need skills of our graduatesso that we can move forward faster.

As the tempo quickens we have watchedthe social and community activists roll

up their sleeves to join in the building ofcommunities. We have heard them remindcitizens of their rights and theirobligations. And we knew that thesesocial activists are driven by the profoundunderstanding of the value of what thepeople have won in struggle, as theirown liberators.

Whatever languages our people speak,they sing of freedom, and seen the handof reconciliation stretching across theracial divide as South Africans worktogether to create a better life.And as all these South Africans - youngand old, men and women, rich and poor,employed and without work, black andwhite - worshipping each in their ownway, they do so unshackled from thetheology of deception, knowing that theDeity that oversees our efforts knowsno discrimination and no lesser or betterhuman being, but recognises each asequal before destiny.

And so, they make bold to say: hailfreedom, the seedling that germinatesand the bud that flowers! Hail freedombecause it has ensured that The Tempotowards to creation of a people-centredsociety Quickens!As this country celebrates its decade offreedom, it is our duty to honour thePresident of the ANC and the NobelPrize Winner, Albert Luthuli, by ensuringthat we do not lose the momentum.Accordingly, we need the full participationof all of us in the historic effort to buildthe South Africa visualised by AlbertLuthuli, with none of us sitting on thesidelines, content to blame others whenthings go wrong.

In action, we must together say HailFreedom, the seedling that germinatesand the bud that flowers. In undyingtribute to Albert Luthuli, we must ensurethat The Tempo Quickens even fasterthan ever before.

I thank you.


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a Director of CeremoniesDistinguished invited guestsLadies and Gentlemen

It is a great honour and privilege for me to participate inthe Luthuli Memorial Lecture here in Durban in the Provinceof Kwazulu, Natal. For it was in this region that youngAlbert Luthuli spent his formative years as a youth. Theyears that were crucial for the role he played in his adulthood

in the liberation struggle of South Africa and the rest ofthe continent.

Today we are meeting to celebrate the life of a great man. A great son of Africaand indeed a world statesman. It is therefore fitting that this memorial event, isbeing sponsored by the National Department of Arts and Culture; the Universityof Kwazulu Natal and the Luthuli Museum.This partnership is important so thathistory is fully recorded for future generations on the contribution that ChiefAlbert Luthuli made to the human race.

Director of Ceremonies, I have referred to the formative years that Albert Luthulispent here, for he was raised by parents with very strong Christian convictions.This Christian upbringing had a lasting influence on him as he regarded peopleirrespective of their nationality, ethnicity or religious back ground as being equal.His deep conviction about the equality of all people can be summed up in one ofhis pronouncements and I quote:“We express our deep resentments at the claim by South Africa to determineand shape our destiny without consulting our wishes and arrogantly to assign usa position of permanent inferiority in our land, contrary to the plan and purposeof God our Creator, who created all men equal, and into us too, not to whitesonly, he breathed the divine spirit of human dignity” end of quote.

The quotation I have just referred to above shows the deeply held views that thisgreat man held about the dignity of all people who the Lord God Almighty createdin his own image. This was a great teaching to all of us not to discriminate againstone another for whatever reason. If we all did what he believed in, there wouldhave been no apartheid in this country. There would have been no racial discriminationin this country and in other countries which were under colonialism.

The Christian convictions of Chief Albert Luthuli clearly show that he followed, tothe letter, the teaching of our Lord Jesus Christ who taught us to love ourneighbour as we love ourselves and to do unto others as we would have them todo unto us.

This reminds me of another world statesman and civil rights campaigner who ledthe campaign against racial discrimination in the United States of America.Reverend Martin Luther King Jr., who in his famous speech, entitled; I have adream, appealed to all Americans for racial harmony and understanding. He

21 October 2005, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal


Dr Kenneth KaundaAlbert Luthuli Memorial Lecture by the First President of the

Republic of Zambia His Excellency,


envisaged his country where little childrenof all races would play together in peaceand harmony. He envisaged a countrywhere the colour of a person’s skin didnot determine his place in society.

It is my humble view that religion playedan important role in the upbringing ofChief Albert Luthuli. Indeed, his belief inthe teachings of our Creator helped himto stay the course during the freedomstruggle even in the face of extremeprovocations and danger to his life bythe apartheid regime. His thoughts onrace relations can be summed up in thefollowing quotation;“I personally believe that here in SouthAfrica, with all our diversities of colourand race, we will show the world a newpattern for democracy. I think there isa challenge for us in South Africa to seta new example for the world. Let us notside step that task.” End of quote.

Once again, this quotation depicts notonly the strong convictions of this greatman about human liberties and freedomsbut more importantly, demonstrates hisbelief in the oneness of humanity. All ofus as children of our Creator living inour one world to serve God’s purpose.

It further reveals to us all hisdetermination to engage in the struggleagainst apartheid. Yes, only a man withthis type of internal decisiveness toperform could say what Chief AlbertLuthuli was saying at that time and inthat situation.

Chief Albert Luthuli was a man who deeplyheld the belief that domination of onerace over another was wrong and againstChristian principles. He strongly believedin the dignity of man irrespective of race.

And growing up in a country where thewhites discriminated against people ofcolour he had a calling to join the freedomstruggle in South Africa. In 1944, hejoined the African National Congress(ANC) and was elected president of theANC for the Natal province in 1951.In 1952, with the support of NelsonMandela, Walter Sisulu and Oliver Tambo,he was nominated as President Generalof the ANC. The party he led until hisdeath in 1967.

The role of Luthuli in the freedom strugglewas instrumental in raising the level ofawareness among the oppressed peoplethat they were not inferior to the whitepeople. He led a sustained campaign ofdefiance of the apartheid system throughstrikes and bus boycotts among otherforms of civil disobedience.

In all his years of struggle againstapartheid, he employed the method ofnon violence. The same method that wasused by Mahatma Gandhi against theBritish colonialism in India. As is wellknown, Gandhi started his campaignagainst racism and colonialism from thiscountry South Africa. Like Gandhi, ChiefLuthuli preached a message of love,peace and harmony among all the peopleof the world. In my view, he was a trueservant of the people. As he himselfremarked when he ascended to thethrone as Chief at Groutville, I quote;“My view has been, and still is, that achief is primarily a servant of his people.His is a voice of his people.” End of quote.

Honest words from a sincere man, whoalways exhibited a deep sense of humilityand unfailing courtesy towards others.

One of the greatest attributes of ChiefAlbert Luthuli was his capacity to endurethe extreme provocation and sufferingdirected at him and his people. Despitethe harsh treatment he received fromthe racist regime and some white rightwing extremists, he continued with hiscampaign for change through non-violence. This act of steadfastness wasrecognized not only in South Africa butthe world over. Hence, in 1961, hereceived the Novel Peace Prize. It isimportant to note that the whole worldinterpreted this action to be an act ofsolidarity with the struggle for freedomin South Africa. Indeed, how else wouldthis act of support for the struggleagainst injustice be viewed?

It is also necessary to mention thatalthough Chief Luthuli’s preferred methodof struggle was through non violence,he understood fully well the dauntingchallenges his people were facing underthe successive apartheid regimes. Heknew that even peaceful demonstrationswere quite often responded to with brutalforce, remember the Sharpeville

massacre. He therefore did not criticizethose who advocated for other meansof struggle. On this issue, he made thefollowing observation, and I quote;“In the face of uncompromising whiterefusal to abandon a policy which deniesheritage and freedom – no one can blamebrave just men for seeking justice by theuse of violent methods, nor could theybe blamed if they tried to create anorganized force in order ultimately toestablish peace and racial harmony.” Endof quote.

Given his deep belief in non-violence, itcan rightly be assumed that he clearlyunderstood that in their journey to attainjustice, freedom and nationhood, differenttactical options may be preferred byvarious wings of the same struggle. Itis important however, to stress the factthat, inspite of this pronouncement, hecontinued with his method of non-violencecampaign to his death.

Director of Ceremonies, I am 81 yearsold now. I am an old freedom fighter andI remember that it was not easy to wagea peaceful campaign against the apartheidregime in South Africa. The leadershipof Chief Albert Luthuli therefore, gaveinspiration to many of us who joined thefreedom struggle in our respectiveterritories throughout Africa. The ANCwas indeed instrumental in setting awonderful example to our campaignagainst colonialism.

In my own country which was known asNorthern Rhodesia we formed a partyknown as the African National Congressof Northern Rhodesia to mobilize ourpeople against the British rule. I havemade reference to this just to illustratein brief, the inspiration we got from thecampaign against foreign domination thatwas waged by the ANC in South Africa.

The famous document adopted by theANC convention in 1955, eloquentlyarticulated the way forward in thestruggle not only against apartheid butagainst colonialism in general. ChiefLuthuli’s deeply held convictions foundmention in this document whoserelevance remains timeless.

Ladies and Gentlemen, as an old freedom

fighter, this occasion evokes fondmemories of the many other heroes wholed their people to independence in theirrespective countries. Let me thereforetake a moment to talk about the earlyfreedom fighters who, against all oddschallenged the status core that wasobtaining then. I will talk about my friendswho inhabit this past. Their names areprominently chronicled in the scrap booksand history documents of Africa. Noblepeople that built the continent. Indeed,courageous people who sacrificed theirblood and their lives in the interest ofour succeeding generations.

Director of Ceremonies, many of thepeople I used to call my heroes andfriends are no more. To some, they wereterrorists and trouble makers. But tomany, they were heroes, liberators andleaders. And some of these are PatriceLumumba, Julius Nyerere, KwameNkruma, Seko Ture, Eduardo Mondlane,Jomo Kenyatta, Ben Bella, AmicarCalbral, Samora Machel, Abdul Nasser,Nnandi Azikiwe, Oliver Tambo and ChiefAlbert Luthuli, to mention but a few.Only a couple of days ago, Africa wasputting to rest Milton Obote of Uganda.

Director of Ceremonies, the vision forAfrica of these men was that followingpolitical independence, our succeedinggenerations would, in larger freedom,be able to move Africa to economicprosperity. They envisioned a continentwhere men and women of all races wouldcontribute to the development of theircountries to the best of their ability freefrom hatred and racial discrimination.To a larger extent, this has been achievedas can be seen here in South Africa, acountry often referred to as the rainbownation. That is the goal that the peopleof this country fought for.

Africa now has 53 independent nationswith each offering unique opportunitiesfor investment. Africa has enormousnatural resources which we must exploitfor the benefit of its inhabitants. Wemust remember that our continent willnot be developed by people from outsidebut by us, as Africans taking the lead toliberate ourselves from the malaise ofpoverty and underdevelopment. We musttherefore make every effort to developour most important sectors of national


development, i.e, agriculture,manufacturing, mining and tourism amongothers.

Ladies and Gentlemen, the life historyof Chief Albert Luthuli has valuablelessons for humanity. For his thinkingembodied high morals and Christianvalues. Some of the lessons we can drawfrom his life can be summed up as follows:

Respect and adherence to the values helearnt from his parents in his childhoodyears prepared him to serve his peopleselflessly.

His strong conviction and belief in thedignity of the human being became arallying call by anti-apartheid activists toa relentless campaign at home andabroad against that evil system.

His belief that all human beings are equalirrespective of their tribe, race, ethnicityor religious affiliation, helped to bridgethe gap in an otherwise racially dividedcountry.

His message for racial harmony inspiredmany people not only in South Africa butin other territories in Africa to strive tolive in peace.

His determination to soldier on evenafter being imprisoned and sometimesbanned and restricted is a clearmanifestation that the struggle for ajust cause cannot be deterred by anyforce.

The need to embrace one another foreveryone has a contribution to make tonational development.

These are valuable lessons which continueto be relevant today. South Africa itselfis a good example of people comingtogether for a common purpose afterthe end of a divisive regime of apartheid.

This is a clear manifestation of the factthat what he stood for, was morallyright. And the world has learnt importantlessons from him. His legacy lives on.

Director of Ceremonies, Ladies andGentlemen, Africa is facing a seriouscrisis which has reversed many of thepost independence successes we

attained. I am talking about HIV/AIDSwhich has in the past two decades takenthe lives of millions of people in the primeof their lives especially here in sub-SaharaAfrica. We need to take every effort toaddress this problem through workingtogether in partnership in order toreverse the spread of the AIDS pandemicamong our people. In my own countryZambia, my organization namely; theKenneth Kaunda Children of AfricaFoundation (KKCAF) is working with otherstakeholders in the public awarenesscampaign against the AIDS pandemic.We are working with the United NationsDevelopment Programme (UNDP) on theprojects to improve health and nutrition.

We are also working with the SwedishInternational Development Agency (SIDA),UNICEF and the Government of theRepublic of Zambia in promoting foodsecurity at household level, recognizingthe importance of the relationshipbetween nutrition and HIV/AIDS.

Let us remember that when we talk ofmillions of people, we have lost toHIV/AIDS, this is not just a figure forreciting but that it represents real peoplewho are dearly missed by their relativesand friends. We should also rememberthat this is a serious matter that notonly affects the family concern, but thedevelopment of the nations.

It is disturbing that the streets of ourcities have become homes for millionsof orphans whose parents have died ofAIDS related illnesses. These childrendo not attend school and have no accessto health facilities. This is an unacceptablesituation which needs urgent attentionof governments and other stakeholdersin order to take the children off thestreets and provide them with skills sothat they can grow into responsiblecitizens.

Director of Ceremonies, most of ourpeople in Africa live in abject poverty.We need to do everything possible aspeople of our one world to address thisproblem. The United Nations has justcommemorated its 60th anniversary.

At that gathering, member statesreaffirmed their faith in fundamentalrights; in the dignity of the human person;


in the equal rights of men and women and of nations largeand small. Further, they pledged to establish conditions underwhich justice and respect for the law could be maintainedand promised to promote social progress and better standards

of life in larger freedom.

These are the issues that in those early days exercisedthe minds of our founding fathers. Africa needs, through

the programme of action annunciated in the New Partnershipfor Africa’s Development (NEPAD) to fulfill the aspirationsof its people to attain economic prosperity.

As we strive to attain sustainable economic and socialdevelopment, we must remember that the AIDSpandemic is reversing our gains. We must thereforejoin hands and intensify the fight against HIV/AIDSthroughout our beloved continent and the worldat large.

May the Good Lord Almighty continue to Blessyou All. I thank you for your attention.


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The Albert Luthuli Memorial Lecture 21 0ctober 2005

Documents

Transcript of The Albert Luthuli Memorial Lecture 21 0ctober 2005