The Age of Religious WarsHistory 104 / January 18, 2013

Pope Gregory XIII decrees adoption

of theGregorian calendar

(1582)

The reform enacted, October 1582

Acceptance of the Gregorian calendar in Europe

Philip IIKing of Spain, 1556-

1598

The iconoclast riot by Calvinists in Antwerp (1566)

The Duke of Albaand the “Spanish Road”

Alba’s forces root out Calvinistsin the southern Netherlands

The “sea beggars” evade Alba and keep control of the northern Netherlands

Spain’s “Invincible Armada” off the coast of England, July 1588

The route (and rout)of the Spanish Armada

Frederick V,the “Winter King”

King of Bohemia,1618-1620

The defenestration of Prague (1618)(= tossing emissaries of the Holy Roman Empire out the window)

Outside the window

Ferdinand IIHoly Roman Emperor,

1619-1637

The Emperor’s generals: Tilly and Wallenstein

Gustavus Adolphus, the “Lion of the North”King of Sweden, 1611-1632

Gustavus Adolphus lands in Germany (1631)

Velasquez, The Surrender at Breda

Jacques Callot, Miseries of War: The Hanging (1633)

Miseries of War: The Firing Squad and The Strappado

Plundering soldier

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)